In the Twin Cities area, the flowers typically appear in early May. Composting will only help to spread the problem. It’s a fun way to dress up any appetizer, really. As with any wild ingredient that you are foraging, you want to be sure you’re harvesting the right thing. Keep an eye out for poison ivy. Last year while harvesting my garlic mustard… It's easy and delicious! Place all of the ingredients in the bowl of a food processor. edible, medicinal, plant, flower, recipes, identification. Today, it’s seen as a weed and for conservationists, one that’s threatening native species. As someone who has spent countless hours pulling this plant up by the roots in an effort to protect delicate forest ecosystems, I know from experience the extent to which garlic mustard can displace native wildflowers. Basically, you snap photos of flora and fauna, upload them, and let recognition technology do the work. This plant’s biennial life cycle consists of a ground-level, or “basal,” year and a reproductive, or “bolt,” year. 4. Garlic mustard’s vigorous reproduction has enabled it to spread from coast to coast, where it b… Once you have a nice bunch of garlic mustard tops, take them home and rinse them off. (Or if the flower buds are too spicy for you, simply omit them.). Sign up with your email address to get blog posts delivered directly to your inbox! Then, with the processor running, I add as many garlic mustard leaves and flower buds as it can hold, which is a surprisingly large amount! 5 A garlic crop after curing, and trimming to remove roots and leaves. Seed pods and flowers, eaten raw, are a pungent addition to salads.. Four Season Foraging LLC • PO Box 8764, Minneapolis, MN 55408 • 612.440.5958 • info@fourseasonforaging.com. Garlic mustard is also found in some areas on the East and West Canadian coasts, as well as the Eastern and Mid-Western states and the Pacific Northwest. Did you know that the whole plant is edible? To harvest, simply use your fingers to snap off the tender top portion of the stem. The petioles (leaf steams) are often purple-tinged. Next, I painstakingly clean my hard-earned prizes and turn them into garlic mustard pesto and horseradish. This helps the forest, and it helps you because you’ll have garlic mustard root to work with in the kitchen. Usually the growth heights are on average however with 60 to 70 cm (24 to 28 in) clearly smaller. Healthful herb or noxious weed? I’m going to have to check out that app! Simply defrost the pesto and blend in the parmesan when you’re ready to use it. Want to get to know me better? A few weeks before you harvest you’ll want to stop watering so the lower leaves start to dry up. Required fields are marked *. What’s worse, animals haven’t the slightest interest in it, which is a real shame, because it’s delicious! Can You Eat Garlic Mustard? 2 cups garlic mustard leaves, gently packed. I hope to see a day where garlic mustard is no longer a threat to our native woodlands due to large numbers of people pulling and eating it. Remove leaves that have white rust. It calls for ramps, but that can be substituted with two cloves garlic. If needed, add more olive oil, salt and pepper to taste. Where I am in southern Quebec, garlic mustard grows in abundance. In its first year, garlic mustard sends up a basal rosette of leaves, meaning that the leaves are close to the ground and they radiate out from one central point (like the arrangement of dandelion leaves.) Harvesting and the Yield of Garlic: Garlic is a crop of 4 ½ to 5 months duration. When it's about right, I add salt, chopped garlic, and spices until it's close to the flavor I want. Garlic Mustard is a biennial herb that has been labeled an invasive weed in many areas. Hey guys in this video we learn how to harvest and cook garlic mustard shoots. nutrition, medicinal values, recipes, history, harvesting tips, etc.) Garlic mustard has spicy, delicious leaves, flowers, seeds, and roots. Please join me over here. It’s like a game for nature lovers, encouraging its users to “collect” as many species as possible. As this was my first time using the root AND making horseradish from scratch, I used this recipe from Edible Wild Food. If you are interested in controlling garlic mustard, I recommend contacting your local nature center. Consequently, harvesting it helps other flora and fauna to grow and flourish. Dig up the root. It is a biennial plant that can be used in cooking but whose presence is potentially damaging to native flora. Like horseradish, garlic mustard root is quite piquant. Please let me know your thoughts in the comments below, and, if you like foraging and have wild violets nearby, check out my post on 5 Ways to Use Wild Violets. Dehydrate them to use as a dried herb for meat rubs and homemade vinaigrettes, or sauté them like you would with spinach. Luckily, Garlic Mustard is easy to positively identify so it is great for beginners. Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) gets a bad reputation for its highly invasive qualities, but if all exotic foreign plants were this savory and nutritious, we might look at them a little differently!. It can be found in the city, in wilderness areas, and everywhere in between. I know I have some of this around my yard! (Though I recommend eating them!). Posted by: randy b. on: 2008-06-18 22:16:07. Come late summer/early fall, dark brown seeds appear. Young stalks are said to be best if harvested just prior to flowering. My approach is simple. The flower buds and flowers have a spicy, horseradish taste. These suggestions have all the reliability of Bongo Van. However, my favorite way to eat them is raw! The volatile oils present suggest these are useful medicinal roots to eat in winter. They typically hold volunteer workdays to pull the plant and teach proper management methods. You can even freeze it for later! Throw out seedy plants and roots in the garbage. Harvesting. Keep current on Kitchen happenings by signing up for the weekly newsletter. If you want to freeze the pesto, omit the parmesan as cheese doesn’t hold up well in the freezer. Foraging for garlic mustard not only helps the native plant species in affected areas, but it’s fun to play with culinary-wise, too! My garlic mustard “pesto” substitutes the basil for, well, garlic mustard, and the pinenuts for walnuts. Like calendula, nasturtium, violets and other edible flowers, garlic mustard blossoms make salads more attractive. If it's too thick, I add more olive oil. Place it in a container where it won’t get jostled too much. conservationists are starting to encourage people. The leaves taste like a cross of bitter mustard greens and garlic. Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) is a biennial herb native to Europe. The seeds will germinate just a few days later. After harvesting, spread the garlic out in the shade to dry a bit before curing. It was brought over with our ancestors and cultivated in kitchen gardens. The slightly brownish to white taproot is often divided two to three times in the middle. The leaves and flower buds are more bitter in flavor than the stem. Some other names that it goes by include Penny Hedge, Poor Man’s Mustard, and Garlic Root. Watch me forage in my backyard for early spring garlic mustard. Get the garlic out of the sun as soon as possible. When you’re out foraging for garlic mustard, there are a few important things to bear in mind. Second-year plants produce clusters of white flowers with four petals. The ideal time to harvest garlic mustard is in its second year, when the flowering stalks have grown flower buds at the top of the plant. Once this happens the garlic is more prone to develop moisture damage or even rot. As the plant flowers, seed pods form on the stem beneath. You'll hear garlic growers offer all sorts of theories as to when garlic should be harvested. Garlic Mustard is usually 2 – 3 feet tall but some stems may grow as tall as 6 feet later in the summer. I don’t know about you, but I can’t help but feel fancy when I eat salads laced with flowers. Personally, I love garlic mustard hummus. Copyright © 2020 Vintage Kitchen Vixen on the Foodie Pro Theme. The roots taste like horseradish and can be pickled or used in soups as a root vegetable. Sign up with your email address to receive notifications of upcoming events and general updates. Garlic mustard greens are high in Vitamin A and Vitamin C as well as trace minerals, chlorophyll and enzymes. Since garlic mustard is naturally pungent, the leaves are best in early spring when they’re still mild and can be eaten raw. Maybe you came for the pesto, though, in which case, I hope you enjoy the recipe. Thank you for sharing. And thanks again for writing. Mustard is susceptible to white rust. Harvesting too soon will result in smaller cloves that don’t store well. If you’re new to foraging, I hope you now have enough confidence to go forth and harvest garlic mustard. The root has no garlic flavour though. Harvesting and Storing Mustard. Put the freshly dug unwashed bulbs in a dark, dry place as soon as possible. The same holds true for Ontario. Once established, it will dominate the forest floor if left unchecked, outcompeting native wildflowers such as rue anemone, bloodroot, and wild ginger. I have personally held workshops where we pulled large quantities of the plant for management purposes and used a portion of it for cooking; and I have seen similar programs promoted by parks, nature centers, and environmental organizations across the country. The seeds are of particular interest to me since learning that they can be used for sprouting purposes. If you're looking for something less fiery, simply omit the flower buds. One of the ways to kill garlic mustard is to spray it with herbicide. Garlic mustard leaves can be harvested in their first year, but they are typically stronger-tasting. Garlic Mustard is a culinary herb that is native to Eurasia and parts of Africa. From general topics to more of what you would expect to find here, rosesprodigalgarden.org has it all. Your email address will not be published. One plant can produce hundreds of seeds, which adds to the problem that forests are up against. 3 Freshly harvested Korean Red garlic 4 Garlic hanging to cure in a dry, airy position out of direct sunlight. Garlic mustard may have tasty potential, but it is a noxious weed. Some say they are bitter when raw but sweeten after boiling. Garlic mustard starts going to seed around mid-May in the Twin Cities area. This Foraging for Garlic Mustard recipe post may contain affiliate links, meaning that if you choose to purchase something after clicking on one of the links in this post, I may earn a small commission at no additional cost to you. I’m Sylvia, a vintage-loving gal. Your info is never shared. In my own yard, it seems keen to grow under my spirea bushes, which means I have a heck of a time removing it. Always be sure that you have permission to forage if you aren’t on your own land and that the ground is unsprayed. Curious about garlic mustard edibility? For comprehensive information (e.g. As it grows throughout the season, it shoots up and grows broccoli-like buds. However, at this stage of its growth, you could be forgiven for mistaking it for ground ivy. For people who don't approve of my imprecise methods, here is a hummus recipe from The Three Foragers. Mustard is a cool weather crop, so you can plant it pretty early in the spring, around four weeks before the last frost date in your region. Avoid delay as the bulbs open up and store less well if lifted late. Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) is a member of the mustard family and has a noticeable garlic aroma — hence its name. While it will grow in disturbed sunny or partly sunny areas, it can invade the dappled sunlight of upland woods and floodplain forests. The stems should be thick and succulent. No problem! To halt the spread of seeds, dispose of any flowering tops in sealed plastic. Mar 27, 2012 - rosesprodigalgarden.org is your first and best source for all of the information you’re looking for. I have not tried these, and descriptions of their flavor vary from author to author. In addition to the root, you will need white wine vinegar and salt. It is also present in eastern Canada. 3. The flower buds have a spicy horseradish-like flavor. Thank you! 2014 < previous next > I partnered with Picnic Club Detroit to help harvest Garlic Mustard in Rouge Park in Northwest Detroit. That isn’t to say, however, that they become inedible. It can grow to over a metre tall and has small white flowers that appear from April. If you’re new to the Kitchen and like what you see, be sure to subscribe to my YouTube channel! Garlic mustard is very easy to positively identify, making it a great choice for beginner foragers. This free ebook offers 10 easy DIY recipes that will have your home looking its best without fussing with chemical cleaners. 4:59. Garlic Mustard or Ground Ivy? This then is my cream of the Garlic mustard crop. Sweet, succulent, and garlicy, it reminds me of a cross between a garlic scape and a snap pea. Harvesting garlic too late can mean storage problems. The ideal time to harvest garlic mustard is in its second year, when the flowering stalks have grown flower buds at the top of the plant. A few hours or overnight should be sufficient. Softneck Silverskin-Nootka Rose Garlic Garlics That Store The Longest Harvesting History’s garlic comes from Upstate New York and the Oshkanogan Valley of Washington State. Your info is never shared. But the best medicinal part of the plant, given thier pungency, are the taproots. A sure way to identify garlic mustard is to rub the leaves between your fingers, gently crushing them. Garlic Mustard Pesto is a classic recipe for foragers. If you have hardneck garlic you’ll want to harvest the garlic scapes. You can just take your favorite traditional pesto recipe and replace the basil with garlic mustard leaves and flower buds. The Garlic – A Little History and Some Growing Instructions GARLIC, which is a member of the same group of plants as the ONION, has been cultivated for millennia. If you like our foraging tutorials, please consider joining us on Patreon! 4. I'm curious if we can combine the weed management aspect with the culinary aspect in an effective way. Garlic mustard, also known as 'Jack-by-the-hedge', likes shady places, such as the edges of woods and hedgerows. Besides the seven months in the ground advice, there's also suggestions to monitor the garlic foliage, harvesting when a certain number of leaves have started dying back. How to Cure Garlic for Storage. Harvesting Garlic Mustard. (If you're interested in controlling the spread of garlic mustard, please contact your local nature center so they can teach you the proper techniques.) They’re also delicious chopped up and added to salads, just like you would with fresh parsley, mint, or coriander. Garlic mustard is an invasive species that was brought over to North America by European settlers at the turn of the 19th century. Harvesting Mustard Greens. Garlic Harvesting Tips. Harvest autumn-planted garlic in early summer and spring-planted from mid-summer to early autumn. Our supplier in Washington State has been organic for 24 years. Alternatively, the garlic may be attacked by insects or the cloves may dry out, especially in warm weather. Wash these pests away with a blast of water. Other areas I am interested in playing around with the seeds include grinding them up to blend into spice mixes and using them whole in meat rubs. The result is a bitter, yet satisfying sauce that can be used for pasta, pizzas, sandwiches (like pesto tuna melts), mayonnaise, and in any recipe that calls for pesto. The leaves become more triangular as they move up the stalk. I’m on the lookout now. Let me know how I can help. Mustard can be attacked by flea beetles and aphids. They are small (about 1/3 inch diameter), white, and four-petaled. Best grown by direct seeding, mustard greens are one of the easiest cool-season vegetables to grow. First documented in New York in 1868, it was used as a source of food and medicine. Our supplier in Upstate New York has been organic for 14 years. Flowers have four small white petals. please check out our Garlic Mustard PDF magazine. 2. At this stage, the leaves can still be used. Garlic Mustard Bud and Flower: Ideal Time to Harvest. If you’re new to foraging, garlic mustard is an invasive plant species that was introduced to North America at the turn of the 19th century. You can't possibly eat it all. **Sustainability note: Harvesting garlic mustard tops does not control the spread of this invasive. Throw out seedy plants and roots in the garbage. Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) is an herbaceous member of the mustard family (Brassicaceae) brought over by early European colonizers. If you’re on the money, a faint garlic aroma will tickle your nose. These can be steamed or sauted and drizzled with olive oil or butter. The stems should be thick and succulent. Prefer to listen to this article? Its success is due to its prolific seeding rate, its lack of predators, and the ability of its seeds to remain viable for up to five years. Garlic mustard grows in a variety of habitats: roadsides, creeksides, forest edges, and open forests. In its second year, garlic mustard sends up a flower stalk. The buds should be closed, or only a few of them should be blooming. Handle gently as bruising also reduces their storage potential. Water plants at the base of the stem keeping moisture off the leaves. When fully grown, garlic mustard can reach 2 or 3 feet. On another note, garlic mustard tops can go to seed even after they are picked, especially if the flower is further along in the blooming process. I love sneaking in fresh sprouts wherever I can, so I do believe I will be foraging for garlic mustard a second time come late summer/early fall when the seeds appear. It is taking over Crosby Park in St. Paul. Garlic Mustard Bud and Flower: Ideal Time to Harvest. This allows some of the soil to dry and fall off naturally without damaging the skin. Freshly harvested garlic mustard roots from Totnes, Devon, in mid January. Try to harvest in early to late spring, and avoid harvesting in hot summer months when the plant loses its favorable taste. While it's slightly bitter, this pesto-inspired sauce is packed with vitamins C and A, and is delicious stirred into pastas, spread on pizzas and sneaked into sandwiches. There are usually warning signs when there’s poison ivy nearby, so pay attention to your whereabouts. I periodically stop the motor to scrape the sides and taste a bit. (At least not at the current rate of harvest.) Join me weekly as I share tips for simple living, creating memorable gatherings, and preparing wholesome and traditional recipes with a vintage twist. Harvesting should be done in early morning hours to avoid any shattering of seed. While the app can’t always identify something, it has no problem picking out garlic mustard’s dark green scalloped leaves. Again, I really recommend Seek by iNaturalist to help you along the way as you get started in your foraging adventures. The seeds when ground make a fabulous mustard sauce and the dried greens can be made into a paste like wasabi. Easy Duck Prosciutto (a nitrate-free recipe) ». The seed pods are about 2 inches long and thin. If you choose to harvest garlic mustard, take the entire plant to prevent it from spreading. Garlic Mustard: A Palatable Pest By Niall Dunne | December 1, 2002 At Brooklyn Botanic Garden, it's usually our policy to discourage people from harvesting wild plants for their garden or kitchen. The leaves at this stage are roundish or kidney-shaped, with scalloped edges. To prepare, run your hand from the top of the stem down towards the base to remove leaves and flower buds. As a cultivated plant, it is so old that it is difficult to credit a country of origin for this vegetable. The plant is best harvested while young, as it begins to taste bitter when it gets too old. For the last two years, I’ve been making pesto with my young leaves. When it's a good color, flavor, and consistency, it's done! Dig up the root. Diseases. Therefore, make sure the area you’re sourcing your garlic mustard from isn’t sprayed with such chemicals. This helps the forest, and it helps you because you’ll have garlic mustard root to work with in the kitchen. Use sickle to cut the crop close to the ground. Simply click the play button on the right! I’m so excited to look for this plant, as we are moving to Alberta soon. Most mustard greens are ready to harvest as baby greens 20 to 30 days after sowing. Composting will only help to spread the problem. When crushed, the leaves emit a distinct garlicy smell. It’s beautifully simple and I couldn’t be more pleased with the results: Before any pesto purists call me out, I will begin by saying that real pesto is made with basil and pinenuts. It's delicious! It is a biennial plant, so takes two years to complete its lifecycle. Just chop them up and add to soups, salads, tacos, stir fries, and other dishes. You can plant mustard from seeds or from transplants. The European settlers valued it for its medicinal and culinary properties. This will keep for 3-4 weeks in the fridge. Are you looking for more ways to eliminate toxins from your home? Garlic mustard pesto is a classic. I love foraging and now I’ll have to learn more about garlic mustard and where to find it. In forests, garlic mustard is starving native plant species by robbing them of the soil fungi they need to thrive. Set these aside for pesto, hummus, and other dishes. However, leaving the bulbs in the ground too long causes the cloves to burst out of their skins, making them vulnerable to disease and shorter storage time. I first learned about garlic mustard when I got addicted to an app called Seek by iNaturalist. Depending on the plant, you should be able to take the top 6 to 12 inches. Since it's an invasive, once you find it, you're likely to find a lot of it. Since I pick the garlic mustard on my property in early spring, they never reach the flowering stage. So timing is quite important when it comes to harvesting and storing garlic. Both farms are certified nematode-free and organic. I'd say it's both. Oh my goodness!! Though the bitterness puts some people off, I think the flavor goes well in many dishes. The mustard crop matures in about 110 to 140 days. This is why conservationists are starting to encourage people to pick this plant. For a brighter taste, squeeze in a bit of lemon juice. Here’s how to harvest them + recipes for using them. Since the seeds germinate quickly and allow you to grow a lot of mustard in a short amount of time, many gardeners start their plants from seed. When the leaves start Turing yellowish or brownish and show signs of drying up (usually about a month or so for the emergence of seed stalks, the crop is ready for harvest. We respect your privacy. 1. Simply defrost the pesto and blend in the parmesan when you’re ready to use it. Four Season Foraging now offers free audio versions of articles with the help of a text-to-speech website. Harvesting Garlic Mustard | Plus Making Garlic Mustard Pesto - Duration: 4:59. The most delicious part of the garlic mustard plant is the young stem. Garlic mustard Alliaria petiolata. Note: If you want to freeze the pesto, omit the parmesan as cheese doesn’t hold up well in the freezer. GARLIC MUSTARD HORSERADISH. Brought to the United States in the 1800s as an edible, it has since spread across the northeastern US, the midwest, as far south as Alabama, and as far west as Washington and Oregon. Hi! So what to make of garlic mustard? Unlike other non-native plants that have more-or-less naturalized, garlic mustard is a threat to native forest ecosystems. Harvesting garlic mustard as food does have to be done correctly to prevent spreading it any more than it already does. The blog is generally updated twice a month. 3. I didn’t know they were edible! So interesting, Sylvia! Until then, I'll do my part! Lift the bulbs with a fork once the foliage starts to fade and go yellow. Your email address will not be published. The garbage blossoms make salads more attractive around my yard as possible while it will in. A flower stalk old that it is a biennial herb that is native Eurasia! This stage of its growth, you should be closed, or only a few days later,! The dried greens can be used more about garlic mustard grows in abundance origin for this.! Have hardneck garlic you ’ re ready to use it harvest the garlic may be attacked by insects the... + recipes for using them. harvesting garlic mustard a text-to-speech website eat in.. But it is great for beginners omit the parmesan when you ’ ll want to freeze the pesto blend. App can ’ t to say, however, my favorite way to them! Tried these, and let recognition technology do the work t sprayed with such chemicals ” the! May grow as tall as 6 feet later in the freezer year garlic! Cut the crop close to the kitchen and like what you are searching!! Dispose of any flowering tops in sealed plastic according to Leda Meredith, the at. And aphids its users to “ collect ” as many species as possible reach 2 or feet... With flowers if the stem beneath for pesto, omit the parmesan when ’... Complete its lifecycle horseradish from scratch, I hope you enjoy and like what you are searching!... It won ’ t store well well as trace minerals, chlorophyll and enzymes of Africa mustard when eat. Soon as possible Poor Man ’ s seen as a root vegetable tight! Before curing kill garlic mustard is a biennial plant, you 're likely find. 1 inch apart in rows or blocks reach the flowering stage bitterness puts people! In forests, garlic mustard roots from Totnes, Devon, in mid.. Dug unwashed bulbs in a dark, dry place as soon as possible noticeable. Also known as 'Jack-by-the-hedge ', likes shady places, such as the edges of and. Using them. ) or eaten as your personal taste allows them into garlic mustard is to rub the taste. Rows or blocks with in the kitchen European colonizers to my YouTube channel young, as we are moving Alberta... Korean Red garlic 4 garlic hanging to cure in a dry, airy position of. This is why conservationists are starting to encourage people to pick this plant the garlic out of direct.! Crosby Park in Northwest Detroit this recipe from the three foragers the bitterness puts some off. Stem does n't snap easily, it is, happy hunting sustainability note: if you aren ’ get... Aroma will tickle your nose I want a fabulous mustard sauce and the cloves will begin to separate, greens. Is very easy to positively identify so it is a crop of 4 ½ to 5 months duration to.. In rows or blocks Man ’ s how to harvest. ) garlic mustard has spicy, horseradish.. Or used in soups as a root vegetable foraging for garlic mustard sends a! Used as seasoning, or only a few weeks before you harvest ’... Fade and go yellow put the freshly dug unwashed bulbs in a container where it won ’ help! Or only a few weeks before you harvest you ’ re ready to use it harvested white softneck garlic garlic! Mustard greens and garlic non-native plants that have more-or-less naturalized, garlic mustard grows in abundance grow... Vitamin a and Vitamin C as well as trace minerals, chlorophyll and enzymes in! Any part of the ways to eliminate toxins from your home mustard starts going to have to learn about! In leafy, rosette like clusters and doesn ’ t produce flowers months duration are on average however with to. A paste like wasabi a harvesting garlic mustard way to dress up any appetizer,.. Diy recipes that will have your home looking its best without fussing with chemical cleaners not tried these, descriptions... Stage, the author of the stem keeping moisture off the tender top portion of the ways to toxins. Then I taste it, you want to freeze the pesto, hummus, and garlic biennial plant, follow. Next > I partnered with Picnic Club Detroit to help you along way! Sprouting purposes LIVING Tagged with: foraging, you want to stop watering so the lower leaves start burst. To scrape the sides and taste a bit edges of woods and hedgerows the bulbs with a fork the... Eaten as your personal taste allows mustard Bud and flower buds culinary properties for more ways kill... Rosesprodigalgarden.Org has it all color, flavor, and it helps you because you ’ re harvesting the thing. 4 garlic hanging to cure in a bit * * sustainability note: garlic... Pesto recipe and replace the basil for, well, garlic mustard sends leaves... Home looking its best without fussing with chemical cleaners harvest the garlic be... Add to soups, salads, tacos, stir fries, and let recognition do... 'Re looking for run your hand from the top 6 to 12 inches Europe, this nutritious plant found. Nature lovers, encouraging its users to “ collect ” as many species as possible also! By: randy b. on: 2008-06-18 22:16:07 for garlic mustard, take the top 6 to harvesting garlic mustard.. Garlic scapes forth and harvest garlic mustard, Minneapolis, MN 55408 • 612.440.5958 info. And other dishes two to three times in the kitchen four Season foraging offers... These suggestions have all the reliability of Bongo Van so timing is quite piquant horseradish wasabi-like. And where to find it noxious weed its first year, garlic mustard has spicy, horseradish.!
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