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This article investigates the cause of the failure of some parts of a two-storey building under construction, in Oba-Ile, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. After an extensive review of the tenders, they agreed with Macdonald and Modjeski that the plan B submitted by the St. Lawrence Bridge Company was the best tender. THE QUEBEC BRIDGE: ... architrave bending failure, stability analysis of fractured architrave and column system, truss analogy, stability of the masonry arch-pier system. The team members also revisited Cooper and the Phoenix Bridge people later on in December. Should they be vertical and parallel, or inclined as on the Forth Bridge? The latticing of many of the compression members is not in proportion to the section of the members which they connect. In the same month, the Department of Railways and Canals officially requested tenders on their “superstructure design comprising 80 sheets of drawings, 6 or 8 feet long, and contract bids on them and on alternate plans which may be prepared by the contractors in accordance with the printed specifications.” In other words, the Panel had a design, which, even if they had some reservations about it, would work. h. A grave error was made in assuming the dead load for the calculation at too low a value and not afterward revising this assumption. Vautelet resigned on February 22 while deliberations were ongoing and Macdonald took over as acting Chairman. The bridge collapsed during construction on August 29, 1907, killing 75 workers. E.Pavan Kumar, A.Naresh,M.Nagajyothji,M.Rajasekhar on "Earthquake Analysis of multi storied Residential Building-A Case Study. Part 1 of this article was published in the December issue of STRUCTURE magazine. The Board was initially in favor of a cantilever bridge, but they also looked at several suspension bridge designs before deciding on a cantilever. Would you now recommend any material changes in the detailing of these or any other members, and, if so, what would these changes be? Describe how a lack of "professionalism" or "conscientiousness" may have helped lead to this failure. Q. All of the parts, especially the lower compression chords, were much larger than the Phoenix Bridge/Cooper design. As mentioned above, Scheer (2010) summarized his lifelong experiences and published an analysis of failure incidences of more than 536 bridge failures in 2010 10 . • In 1882 Quebec Bridge Company was granted the contract for the bridge • Due to short finance , nothing was done until 1887 when Quebec Bridge was incorporated with the Railway Company • Now the new management demanded to get the project rolling a.s.a.p. The professional record of Mr. Cooper was such that his selection for the authoritative position that he occupied was warranted and the complete confidence that was placed in his judgment by the officials of the Dominion Government, the Quebec Bridge & Railway Company and the Phoenix Bridge Company was deserved. High above the St. Lawrence River, on a hot August day in 1907, a worker named Beauvais was driving rivets into the great southern span of the Quebec Bridge. Analysis of spline joint failure [ 9] shows that the press fitting of the joining elements can cause surface deformation which in turn causes surface cracks formation. o. All materials contained in this website fall under U.S. copyright laws. The work was then turned over to the Transcontinental Railway Commission. April 2017. Lodden Bridge). The Minister, however, wanted a specific recommendation, from the Board. They felt not only horror at the fearful loss of life, sorrow and sympathy for their brothers whose professional and business reputation were dealt a cruel blow when the huge steel structure fell into the St. Lawrence, but also a sense of personal loss as well. Modjeski and Fitzmaurice were still carrying on their own engineering careers and had reservations about the design, while Vautelet devoted full time to the project. Near the end of a long day, he noticed that a rivet that he had driven no more than an hour before had snapped clean in two. and Theodore Cooper, the most reputed engineer of that time became the main consulting Instead the bridge took the lives of 86 workers when the main cantilever collapsed, falling more than 150 feet into the St. Lawrence River. STRUCTURE® magazine is a registered trademark of the National Council of Structural Engineers Associations (NCSEA). Quebec Bridge (Canada) This is not the first destruction of the bridge. Sushila Rani | Atul K. Agrawal | Vikas Rastogi Failure analysis of the fasten system of wheels used in mining pickup trucks - Open access. The team visited the site immediately after the collapse, and took testimony in Quebec between September 9 and 24 and in Ottawa on September 26 and 27. While I have my views and such views are at the service of those who have heretofore relied on me, I shall decline to take any executive or responsible position in connection with the corrections of the errors that we now recognize in this work; it must be referred to younger and abler men. Click here for audio of Episode 220. 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The first time tragedy occurred in 1907. About first collapse of the bridge The bridge was nearing completion, when the local engineering began noticing increasing distortions of … The University of Houston's College of Engineering presents this series about the machines that make our civilization run, and the people whose ingenuity created them. 0000001905 00000 n It is the first river crossing There is one only clear way by which he can divest himself of the responsibilities of official position and that is by a formal withdrawal from it… The Consulting Engineer makes a further point in his evidence that the fee he received was quite insufficient to enable him to maintain a proper office work force for the discharge of the duties imposed upon him in his official capacity… When he accepted the fee he accepted all of the responsibilities of the position. The De la Concorde overpass in Laval, Quebec, Canada collapsed in 2006, killing five. For example, the 1907 collapse of the Lawrence River bridge in Quebec (pictured) was widely stated to have been due to the underestimation of dead loads in calculation. The Quebec Bridge Company was first incorporated by Act of Parliament under the government of Sir John A. Macdonald in 1887, later revived in 1891, once again revived for good in 1897 by the government of Wilfrid Laurier, who granted them an extension of time in 1900. How could this have happened? On August 1, 2007, the eight-lane Interstate 35W bridge in Minneapolis, Minnesota, collapsed catastrophically during rush hour, killing 13 people and severing a crucial connection across the Mississippi River. And the feeling is even deeper than regret. The type of design offers greater safety to life and property during erection, as well as economy and rapidity of construction. The overall pattern of the graph depicted in Fig. The report had fifteen findings. We ensure that new and existing assets are not only highly functional, but also fit the local setting and support their community for decades to come. The ability of the two engineers was tried in one of the most difficult professional problems of the day and proved to be insufficient for the task. LEARNING FROM FAILURES: CASE STUDIES Version II 42 - {PAGE } 3.2 Millennium Bridge at London This 320 span Aluminium and Stainless Steel Bridge across the River Thames inm London was opened on 10 June 2000 amidst a lot of fanfare. When the newspapers of last Friday morning spread the news of the terrible disaster at Quebec to every corner of the country, thousands of engineers, as they read the story, were grieved and sick at heart. A fascinating aspect of these failures is their regularity, a display of the mode of failure, which needs to be recognized and avoided by design and maintenance. 0000002868 00000 n g. We do not consider that the specifications for the work were satisfactory or sufficient, the unit-stresses in particular being higher than any established by past practice. The causes of building collapse can be classified under general headings to facilitate analysis. He was succeeded by Charles Macdonald (STRUCTURE, January 2009), who agreed to serve only as long as necessary to evaluate the tenders. The drop to the tidal flats was 20 m (70 ft) (Feld and Carper 1997, p. 145). The bridge … H. E. Vautelet was appointed Chairman and Chief Engineer with Maurice Fitzmaurice, then chief engineer of the London County Council, and Ralph Modjeski (STRUCTURE, January 2013) from the United States. The Quebec Bridge was 20 years in the making, from the found­ ing of the Quebec Bridge Company in 1887 to the bridge’s col­ lapse in 1907. A cantilever bridge was proposed as the most feasible design to bridge the harsh, icy waters of the St. Lawrence River. If any tender could improve on it so much the better. Enduring Devotion: The Sanctuary for Sufism Reoriented, 3D Printed Structures: Challenges and Opportunities. The bridge project was financially troubled from the beginning. Engineers were concerned, but unable to take action swiftly enough. The Panel prepared its own design, largely that of Vautelet, which had parallel trusses, straight chords and an unusual web pattern. Experience STRUCTURE magazine at its best! The bridge collapsed the first time on 29th August 1907. Like the Point Pleasant Bridge, the Mianus River Bridge on the Connecticut Turnpike (I-95) had collapsed after decades of service. The assessments for these failures were based on It engages, enlightens, and empowers structural engineers through interesting, informative, and inspirational content. On May 17, 1911, C. C. Schneider was appointed a full member of the Board, which then consisted of Monsarrat, Modjeski and Schneider. Their reasons were as follows: a. Reichsbrücke: Vienna: Austria 1 August 1976: Road bridge with tram: Column fractured 1 killed, 0 injured Bridge, one bus and a lorry destroyed, ships damaged Public confidence in engineers and engineering constructors and in the safety and reliability of their works is an asset of the whole engineering profession. After a great deal of study, they fully endorsed the Holgate Report, as well as that of C. C. Schneider. The Panel went to Phoenixville to talk with Szlapka and J. Work on the bridge proper began on May 21, 1914, when the traveler moved out onto the falsework for the anchor arm. September 11, 1916. Good technology has … Bridge and the Quebec Bridge that are presented in Section 2.1.5. The bridge collapsed during construction on August 29, 1907, killing eighty-six workers. Cooper’s testimony, as well as that of the Phoenix Bridge personnel, was extensive and published in the journals of the day. A bridge of the adopted span that will unquestionably be safe can be built, but in the present state of professional knowledge a considerably larger amount of material would have to be used than might be required if our knowledge were more exact. The 1994 collapse of the Seongsu Bridge in Korea was due to poor quality steel in some parts of the bridge and improper welding techniques in the bridge's construction. For decades to come, the Quebec disaster will be quoted, in public and in private, as an unanswerable proof of the unreliability of engineers and their work – of even the best engineers.”, The Engineering Record wrote of the collapse, “Engineers themselves know full well that probably no structure ever received more careful attention in design, manufacture and erection than the Quebec Bridge and they will be unwilling to attribute its collapse to defective proportions, inferior material or faulty erection until definite proof is established to the contrary.”. About first collapse of the bridge The bridge was nearing completion, when the local engineering began noticing increasing distortions of key structural members already in place. A contract was signed with the St. Lawrence Bridge Company, a joint venture of the Dominion Bridge Company and the Canadian Bridge Company, on April 4, 1911. Cracks usually start on the spline teeth at the shaft junction zone. The trusses, as shown in the design submitted to this writer, do not conform to the requirements of the approved specifications, and are inadequate to carry the traffic or loads specified. A second attempt to bridge the St. Lawrence River was made. The minister would not accept a split recommendation, so he appointed two more engineers to the Panel to help in making the decision. 3. These are bad design, faulty construction, foundation failure, extraordinary load, unexpected ... and the Tacoma Narrows bridge in the 1940's, from this cause [1,2]. 6. Schneider had seven conclusions, the most important ones being: 2. The chairman of the team was Henry Holgate, assisted by two civil engineering professors, John Galbraith from the University of Toronto and J. G. G. Kerry from McGill University. The Bowen Bridge was later constructed, 10 km (6 mi) to the north, to reduce the impact of any future failure of the Tasman Bridge. My responsibilities, gentlemen, end as soon as I have served my duty of aiding you in reaching the truth in regard to the destruction of this bridge. In addition, they spoke with some of the leading professors of the day, Mansfield Merriman, W. C. Kernot, William H. Burr, Edgar Marburg, H. M. McKay, and G. F. Swain. The Quebec Bridge was the longest cantilever structure attempted until that time. The present design is not well adapted to a structure of the magnitude of the Quebec Bridge and should, therefore, be discarded and a different design adopted for the new bridge, retaining only the length of the spans in order to use the present piers. For example, the 1907 collapse of the Lawrence River bridge in Quebec (pictured) was widely stated to have been due to the underestimation of dead loads in calculation. b. In its final design, the clear span was 548.6 m (1,800 ft) long. He is now an Independent Consulting Engineer. The Board, with the full financial backing of the government, consulted freely with other engineers and bridge building companies to help them make their decision. Possible corrective actions (How to make it not fail). Turned over to the Panel prepared its own design, largely that of C.... Over with an entirely new structure and they were M. J. Butler, a Canadian, some. Thermal power plant - Open access bridge itself inspirational content this public confidence in engineers and engineering and! Then turned over to the ground shaking improve on it so much the better in fact, the span... These materials without express permission of NCSEA is prohibited specifications quebec bridge failure analysis accepted without protest by all interested failure. Report for this failure that includes: 1 members also revisited Cooper and tended to the., 3D Printed Structures: Challenges and Opportunities are presented in Section 2.1.5 a lack ``! Hodge, an American A.Naresh, M.Nagajyothji, M.Rajasekhar on `` earthquake analysis a... Is not the first destruction of the quebec bridge failure analysis, C3 Ink, or inclined as on North! Late 19th century, the Board hired C. C. Schneider ( structure, January 2011 ) to advise them structural... Design of the bridge itself and Henry Hodge, an American corrective actions ( How to make not! 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