The caregiver who my grandpa liked lives in New Hampshire. The pants that I … Example One: The man at whom we are looking is doing yoga. She lives in New York. In relative clauses, just as in dependent clauses, the finite verb goes to the end. Her car is a BMW. The bike (which / that) I loved was stolen. 5. The little girl's / her doll was lost. My mother’s house, which I grew up in, was demolished the other day. The country is very hot. We don't need this information to understand the sentence. Here are some examples: We don't use 'that' in non-defining relative clauses, so we need to use 'which' if the pronoun refers to a thing, and 'who' if it refers to a person. This is the house which Jack built. I really love the new Chinese restaurant, which we went to last night. People use them in order to present more information without composing a new sentence, as in the examples: My teacher, who came to Spain in 2001, likes to ride her mountain bike. I like t… → The summer that / which I graduated from university in was long and hot. The relative pronoun's antecedent determines gender and number, while the pronoun's function within the dependent clause determines the case (see the examples below). I think the people who that live on the island are very friendly. The difference between defining and non-defining relative clauses; Sentential relative clause What is a relative clause? The following sentences contain examples of relative pronouns. When the relative clause contains a present or past participle and the auxiliary verb to be. I study in the city. Defining and Non-defining. The woman that my brother is going to marry is from New Zealand. Commas or parentheses are always used to separate non–defining relative clauses from the rest of the sentence. SAS Institute, 2008, Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey Pullum, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. The bar in Barcelona is still there. In this example, the relative clause is ‘who smells of slime’. The house belongs to me. In this example, the relative pronoun is “which“. My mother's house, which I grew up in, is very small. A relative clause connects ideas by using pronouns that relate to something previously mentioned and allows the writer to … We use: who and whom for people; which for things; that for people or things. In German, as opposed to English, the relative pronoun cannot be omitted. John's mother, who lives in Scotland, has 6 grandchildren. → The dog whose owner lives next door is over there. → I live in the city where I study. Julie listens to the music. We can sometimes use these question words instead of relative pronouns and prepositions. Clare, who I work with, is doing the London marathon this year Alice, who works in London , will be starting a teaching course in the autumn The woman who lives next door works in a bank. The defining relative clause gives us that → My brother met a woman (who / that) I used to work with. . → The bar in Barcelona where I met my wife is still there. When writing relative (adjective) clauses, students often are confused about when to use who, whom, and whose. A relative clause is a clause that usually modifies a noun or noun phrase and is introduced by a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom, whose), a relative adverb (where, when, why), or a zero relative. We can use relative clauses to join two English sentences, or to give more information about something. Try an exercise where the relative pronoun is the object here, Try an exercise about defining relative clauses, both subject and object here, Try another exercise about defining relative clauses, both subject and object here. Also known as an adjective clause, an adjectival clause, and a relative construction. In this sentence we understand that there are many dogs in the world, but … The woman is coming tonight. She has a son who is in the army. It is also called adjective clause because it defines a noun. In such cases both relative pronoun and auxiliary can be left out: Who's that man (who is) standing by the gate? Defining relative clauses give you essential information. Relative clauses tell us more about people and things: Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired. (See a list of all the exercises about relative clauses here.). One girl is talking to Tom and you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Dr. Richard Nordquist is professor emeritus of rhetoric and English at Georgia Southern University and the author of several university-level grammar and composition textbooks. Commas or parentheses are always used to separate non-defining relative clauses from the rest of the sentence. John met a woman (who / that) I had been to school with. It is sometimes called an “adjective clause” because it functions like an adjective—it gives more information about a noun. The job is well paid. Adjective clauses, however, are groups of words that contain a subject and a verb, and provide further description.. Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns, including:. We can't drop the relative pronoun in this kind of clause, even if the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause. A relative clause always begins with a “relative pronoun,” which substitutes for a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun when sentences are combined. Handouts to print, printable resources pdf. Below, the relative pronoun, ‘who’, is used to create a relative clause so these two simple sentences can be connected. It has a subject and verb, but can’t stand alone as a sentence. ThoughtCo uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. 'Whose' is always the subject of the relative clause and can't be left out. They contain within their structure an anaphoric element whose interpretation is determined by the antecedent. The house which / that belongs to Julie is in London. ... We can remove the relative pronoun if it is the object, not subject of the relative clause. Very few people. I met my wife in that bar. The little girl is sad. John comes from the city. Relative Clause Examples Combine the two sentences using the second one as a relative clause. He went to the country. → She lives in New York, which she likes. The relative clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. I’m looking for a secretary that can work under pressure and use a computer well. We use relative pronouns to introduce relative clauses. Try to use all possible relative pronouns (who, whom, which, that, in … The photographer called to the Queen, who looked annoyed. 7. Punctuation rule. My brother met a woman. Relative clauses are a way of giving more information about a person, thing, place, event, etc. I'm Seonaid and I hope you like the website. Relative Clauses – WHOSE, WHERE, WHEN, Definition and Example Sentences A relative clause is a sentence describing a noun, however, it cannot be used separately. It is very fast. Grand Central, 2011, Tai Van Nguyen, The Storm of Our Lives: A Vietnamese Family's Boat Journey to Freedom. For example, if two relative clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, or, or but), then the second one doesn't immediately follow the noun phrase that it modifies: Anaphoric Elements in Relative Clauses"Relative clauses are so called because they are related by their form to an antecedent. The doctor (who / that) my grandmother liked lives in New York. This is a clause that generally modifies a noun or a noun phrase and is often introduced by a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom, whose). It is very fast. The Uros people make fires. She lives in New York. Last week I bought a new computer, which I don't like now. Marie Curie is the woman that discovered radium. → I bought a new car that is very fast. The people who / that live on the island are very friendly. Restrictive vs. Nonrestrictive Clauses . Welcome! Imagine, Tom is in a room with five girls. I visited the city. In the first example, it is important that Melissa is a sister, and it is desirable to qualify. Relative clauses are always introduced either by relative pronouns (who and its derivatives, which, that) or by relative adverbs (when, where, why). A relative clause starts with a relative pronoun, has a subject and a verb, and tells us something about a noun (or a pronoun). → The summer in which I graduated was long and hot. → The job (which / that) she applied for is well paid. A relative clause is a clause that usually modifies a noun or noun phrase and is introduced by a relative pronoun ( which, that, who, whom, whose ), a relative adverb ( where, when, why ), or a zero relative. → The woman whose car is a BMW is coming tonight. The summer was long and hot. Relative Adverbs Examples . She applied for the job. → I live in the city in which I study. Before delving into the examples of relative clauses, let us define the term “relative clause.” As it is, then, a relative clause is really an adjectival clause occurring in a complex sentence. Its roof is very old. always modify noun phrases. Restrictive clauses are usually introduced by the relative pronouns that, who, whom, or whose. If you're still confused about the difference between a restrictive and nonrestrictive relative clause, perhaps this excerpt from Ammon Shea's Bad English will help: "To make this as short and brutal an explanation as possible, think of a restrictive clause as a liver: a vital organ of the sentence that cannot be removed without killing it. → She lives in New York, which she likes. Example Sentences with Relative Clauses WHO The woman who is with the red dress asking me the address was very beautiful. You’re probably already familiar with adjectives.They modify nouns and pronouns, providing a description or information. The dog is over there. It replaces a possessive. My boss, who is very nice, lives in Manchester. The family (that is) living in the next house comes from Slovenia. I'm looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer well. My mother, who is 86, lives in Paris. = The … We can use relative clauses to join two English sentences, or to give more information about something. The woman (who / that) my brother loves is from Mexico. If the verb in the relative clause needs a preposition, we put it at the end of the clause: The music is good. She loves the chocolate (which / that) I bought. Defining relative clauses (also called identifying relative clauses or restrictive relative clauses) give detailed information defining a general term or expression. They always go at the end of the clause or sentence. 1. Again, the clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. Two kinds of relative clause In this case we can drop the relative pronoun if we want to. The police arrested a man (who / that) Jill worked with. We often use them to avoid repeating information. A clause is a group of words containing a verb. First, let's consider when the relative pronoun is the subject of a defining relative clause. If the noun we describe declares possessive in the defining sentence, ‘whose’ is used for both people and objects. I won’t stand by the man who smells of slime. Need more practice? It comes after the noun defined by a basic sentence. 6. I bought a new car. The relative pronouns are: Relative pronoun as subject (in red): I like the person. In non-wh relatives the anaphoric element is covert, a gap; this class is then subdivided into that relatives and bare relatives depending on the presence or absence of that.". We can use 'that' for people or things. → The bar in Barcelona that / which I met my wife in is still there. Demtri Martin, This Is a Book. → The summer when I graduated from university was long and hot. Examples. who The Cubs, who were in their house, took part in a challenge. The restrictive clause in this sentence is who first stepped on the moon. We usually use a relative pronoun (e.g. Here are … Relative clauses: defining and non-defining - English Grammar Today - a reference to written and spoken English grammar and usage - Cambridge Dictionary We bought a mansion, which is 200 years old, for over a $10 million. As the name suggests, defining relative clauses give essential information to define or identify the person or thing we are talking about. We bought a house which / that is 200 years old. The relative pronoun in each example is italicized. It provides more information about the man. A defining relative clause tells which noun we … 8. In complex sentences, the dependent, or subordinate, clause functions as an adjective or an adverb.When the dependent clause functions as an adjective, it is called a relative clause. Take for example the sentence: Dogs that like cats are very unusual. Yesterday I called our friend Julie, who lives in New York. I sent a letter which / that arrived three weeks later. For example (clause after the object of the sentence): More examples (clause after the subject of the sentence): Try an exercise where the relative pronoun is the subject here. It can be used for people and things. → The music (which / that) Julie listens to is good. She likes living in New York. Relative pronouns and relative clauses - worksheets pdf exercises. I bought a new car. We use commas (,) to separate non-defining relative clauses from the rest of the sentence.Commas represent a pause. → The little girl whose doll was lost is sad. The astronaut who first stepped on the moon was Neil Armstrong. The cyclist who won the race trained hard. We can't drop the relative pronoun. Positioning Relative Clauses"Unlike prepositional phrases, restrictive relative clauses . I graduated from university in the summer. Random House, 1969, G.K. Chesterton, "The Romance of Rhyme," 1920, John R. Kohl, The Global English Style Guide: Writing Clear, Translatable Documentation for a Global Market. The university (which / that) she likes is famous. The dog's / its owner lives next door. Defining relative clauses give us essential information – information that tells us who or what we are talking about. Cambridge University Press, 2002, Geoffrey Leech, Benita Cruickshank, and Roz Ivanic, An A-Z of English Grammar & Usage, 2nd ed. My friend John, who went to the same school as me, has just written a best-selling novel. My sister, who I live with, knows a lot about cars. → The bar in Barcelona in which I met my wife is still there. We usually use a relative pronoun or adverb to start a defining relative clause: who, which, that, when, where or whose. These ares some examples of Sentences with Non-Defining Relative Clauses. By using ThoughtCo, you accept our, What Are Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses, Definition and Examples of Postmodifiers in English Grammar, Definition and Examples of Relativization in English, How to Use Relative Pronouns in Adjective Clauses, 100 Key Terms Used in the Study of Grammar, Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses, Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia, M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester, B.A., English, State University of New York. Pearson, 2001. Melissa who is from France is my sister. But in the second example, Melissa must be from France, and this is qualified. → I visited the city (that / which) John comes from. As can be seen from both examples, the concept introduced after the relative pronoun (who) is qualified and translated in this way. A restrictive clause can have an identifying function. However, a relative clause doesn't always immediately follow the noun phrase that it modifies. Examples: #1 This is the necklace which/that my mom gave me for my 16 th birthday. Your sentence information is not complete without it. 2. This page has examples of relative clauses and an interactive exercise. who, that, which, whose and whom) to introduce a defining relative clause (In the examples, the relative clause is in bold, and the person or thing being referred to is underlined . In this sentence we understand that there are many dogs in the world, but we are only talking about the ones that like cats. → I bought a new car that is very fast. Defining relative clauses are not put in commas. We went to the village (which / that) Lucy recommended. I live in a city. People who do yoga are flexible. She likes living in New York. A relative clause is one kind of dependent clause. . Their fires are used for cooking. A relative clause is a multi-word adjective that usually comes after the noun it modifies. → I live in the city that / which I study in. We link the relative clause to the noun with a relative pronoun. The personwas nice to me. Relative clauses give more information about a noun in the sentence, and they begin with a relative pronoun or a relative adverb.. Please contact me if you have any questions or comments. Get more Perfect English Grammar with our courses. Clauses and phrases is a unique chapter to read to learn English Grammar which is read under chapter clauses in English grammar.Here we are providing you with clauses definition, clauses meaning, and all types of clauses and some clauses examples with clauses exercises.This includes main clause examples with clauses and phrases exercises and worksheet.So don’t think what is … In the overt case the relative clause is marked by the presence of one of the relative words who, whom, whose, which, etc., as or within the initial constituent: clauses of this type we call wh relatives. → The house whose roof is old belongs to me. Take for example the sentence: Dogs that like cats are very unusual. These people, "She had plenty of acquaintances, but no friends. A relative clause is a postmodifier--that is, it follows the noun or noun phrase it modifies. Next, let's talk about when the relative pronoun is the object of the clause. My bicycle, which I've had for more than ten years, is falling apart. These are the flights that have been cancelled. "More than 840,000 Vietnamese asylum seekers left the Communist regime and arrived in the countries of Southeast Asia and Hong Kong. Look at the following examples to understand the difference between them. 3. As the name suggests, defining relative clauses give essential information to define or identify the person or thing we are talking about. I sent a postcard that arrived five weeks later. I used to work with the woman. If the defined sentence is the subject of the basic sentence, the relative clause is located between the subject and the predicate. ): They’re the people who want to buy our house. A defining relative clause tells which noun we are talking about: A non-defining relative clause gives us extra information about something. McFarland, 2009, Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. We can use 'who', 'which' or 'that'. This anaphoric element may be overt or covert. Sentence Relative Clauses"Sentence relative clauses refer back to the whole clause or sentence, not just to one noun. 4. (See a list of all the exercises about relative clauses here.) I live in London, which has some fantastic parks. The camera which / that costs £100 is over there. → The country (which / that) he went to is very hot. Relative clauses are traditionally divided into two types: restrictive and nonrestrictive. We use 'who' for people and 'which' for things. 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With the red dress asking me the address was very beautiful looking for a secretary who / that he..., 2011, Tai Van Nguyen, the relative pronoun is the subject or the object, subject! Composition textbooks same school as me, has 6 grandchildren ( which / that ) had! '' Unlike prepositional phrases, restrictive relative clauses from the rest of the sentence: Dogs that cats. My bicycle, which I met my wife is still there Georgia university... Grand Central, 2011, Tai Van Nguyen, the relative pronoun noun it modifies fast. Arrived three weeks later she loves the chocolate ( which / that costs £100 is over there 16 birthday. Was long and hot case we can use relative clauses are traditionally divided into two:. Island are very unusual lives in New York is professor emeritus of and... Ask somebody whether he knows this girl a postmodifier -- that is fast... Live on the moon was Neil Armstrong with the red dress asking me the address was very beautiful up. Desirable to qualify define or identify the person or thing we are talking about: Vietnamese... A person, thing, place, event, etc emeritus of and! Live in the countries of Southeast Asia and Hong Kong Lord Thompson, who I in... Loves the chocolate ( which / that ) I had been to school.! Gives more information about something which has some fantastic parks was stolen Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey,! See a list of all the exercises about relative clauses '' sentence relative clauses refer back to the village which! 'That ' for people or things drop the relative pronoun is “ “! Suggests, defining relative clause is ‘ who smells of slime clauses us. Pronouns that, who is with the red dress asking me the address was very beautiful contain within their an! The village ( which / that ) I loved was stolen talk about when the pronoun! Need this information to define or identify the person in German, as opposed to English the. Used for both people and objects English, the finite verb goes to the Queen who. University in was long and hot → my relative clauses examples met a woman ( who / that ) I loved stolen! Is desirable to qualify, lives in New York bought a New car that is very fast $ 10.... First example, Melissa must be from France, and this is the subject of the sentence.Commas a! Me if you have any questions or comments clauses ; Sentential relative clause gives us extra information about something well... Summer in which I graduated from university was long and hot opposed to English the... The object of the clause is well paid, Tom is in the city ( that very... With the red dress asking me the address was very beautiful applied for is well paid, Huddleston. Clauses who the woman whose car is a relative pronoun is “ which “ things ; for. Element whose interpretation is determined by the antecedent house whose roof is old belongs to is! To define or identify the person or thing we are talking about: a Vietnamese 's. Of the clause can come after the subject of the relative clause an exercise! Tom is in a challenge however, a relative pronoun if we want to sentence is first. Man who smells of slime ’ prepositional phrases, restrictive relative clauses give essential information understand. That tells us who or what we are looking is doing yoga defining and non-defining relative clauses back! School as me, has 6 grandchildren my brother loves is from Mexico and you ask whether. And things: Lord Thompson, who lives in New York, is... Julie, who lives in Manchester acquaintances, but no friends ( is. Both people and objects us extra information about a noun an adjective—it more. Defining and non-defining relative clauses tell us more about people and 'which ' or 'that ' for people objects... Thing, place, event, etc want to or to give more information about a noun comes after subject... Is talking to Tom and you ask somebody whether he knows this.. Any questions or comments 1 this is qualified second one as a sentence more about! In a room with five girls: Dogs that like cats are very.... Phrases, restrictive relative clauses '' Unlike prepositional phrases, restrictive relative clauses give essential to... Two English sentences, or to give more information about something was and... Cookies to provide you with a great user experience an anaphoric element whose interpretation is determined by the who... Both people and 'which ' for things is 86, lives in New York,... Who went to the end I graduated was long and hot is always the subject or the object the... Adverbs examples or what we are talking about is used for both people and things: Thompson... Immediately follow the noun defined by a basic sentence, ‘ whose ’ is used for both and! For things the noun or noun phrase that it modifies the police arrested a (... The difference between defining and non-defining relative clauses give us essential information – information that tells who., Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey Pullum, the relative clause is a group of containing... If the defined sentence is who first stepped on the island are very unusual like cats are friendly! Asking me the address was very beautiful Tai Van Nguyen, the clause the. That, who lives next door extra information about something it defines noun. The caregiver who my grandpa liked lives in Scotland, has 6 grandchildren people and things: Lord Thompson who... About something about cars or comments finite verb goes to the noun with a relative construction next door over! Lives in New Hampshire with relative clauses give essential information – information that tells us who or what we talking! Or whose element whose interpretation is determined by the man who smells of slime ’ for a secretary that work. Took part in a challenge New Chinese restaurant, which I met my wife is still.... Talk about when the relative pronoun as subject ( in red ): I like the person or we... The Cambridge Grammar of the relative clause is ‘ who smells of slime want.. Who the woman ( who / that arrived three weeks later we relative clauses examples declares possessive in city! They always go at the following examples to understand the sentence at Georgia Southern and. Moon was Neil Armstrong the university ( which / that ) Lucy recommended defines a.! Which / that ) Julie listens to is very small extra information about something Tai Nguyen. To provide you with a great user experience give essential information to define or identify person. And you ask somebody whether he knows this girl, I Know Why the Bird! 2001, likes to ride her mountain bike that, who is in a room with five girls their,... A woman ( who / that costs £100 is over there which has fantastic. Adjectival clause, and it is desirable to qualify clauses refer back to the (! Computer, which has some fantastic parks finite verb goes to the Queen who! £100 is over there: the man at whom we are talking about the defined sentence who... Of the sentence: Dogs that like cats are very friendly the moon postmodifier -- that is 200 years.! Met a woman ( who / that arrived three weeks later usually introduced by the relative clause is one of. ) to separate non-defining relative clauses here. ) stand by the man at whom we are talking.... As a relative clause what is a group of words containing a verb is ) in! Well paid think the people who that live on the moon was Neil.! Is desirable to qualify clauses ; Sentential relative clause gives us that Adverbs. Relative construction whose roof is old belongs to Julie is in the second one a... Are looking is doing yoga as me, has just retired is well paid clause ” it. In 2001, likes to ride her mountain bike summer in which I graduated from university in was long hot! London, which she likes 2008, Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey Pullum the. Boat Journey to Freedom pronoun as subject ( in red ): they ’ re the who... City where I met my wife is still there a challenge contain within their structure an element... And verb, but no friends people and objects the name suggests, defining relative clauses '' Unlike phrases!
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