Unlike the ancient Egyptian and Chinese alphabets and its Japanese modifications where pictures were drawn to write down ideas, the ancient Ethiopians came up with a character for every possible sound. C’mon. I wish our media develops the culture of due diligence and doing their homework of what exactly happened and when and report it accordingly. Yes, the magazine in Ethiopia extracted some of the Tadias interview and reprinted it in Amharic. This study also explores the dynamic linkages between the Ethiopic and Egyption writing systems, suggesting the possible relationship between all African writing systems of the Nile Valley. 2. A collection of useful phrases in Amharic, a Semitic language spoken in Ethiopia and Eritrea. I survived the sadness with a philosophy of smile and keep on going. It is quite true that Ayana Birru’s invention had saved Ethiopians from handwriting official inter-office business or legal documents. The Ethiopian scientist who is also the CEO and founder of Ethiopian Computers & Software of Colorado [6] is now working with Powell [7] to associate the Ethiopic Unicode characters with the right African phenomes while creating new ones such as tonal marks (different from Saint Yared’s notations) that these African languages need for their character sets. It was a matter of obedience and loyalty for an African to honour the COLONIAL MASTER at any cost!!!!!!!! The major flaw with some of the software which successfully made it to the market came from the idea that they have to imitate the Amharic typewriter or a related concept. Yet, this other plagiarist thinks Fesseha’s work is Ethiopic while the ones he copied are not. The DC Council unanimously approved the Act (B15-0139). I have my own megaphone. But others were released to the market soon afterwards. You also said you “started your research around 1982 and had the first usable word processor in 1985 …”. አዙሮ ላየው ብላም ነገር ነው ይላል የአገርህ ሠው። It is you who are being disrespectful. He told me that working with the 27 Arabic characters is not the same as dealing with the hundreds of the Ethiopic characters. Ethiopic has also managed to take advantage of printing press and the typewriter. During the last decade, many countries have started using the computer for writing and other purposes. It is a native language for over 27 million people in Ethiopia. It’s silly and Orwellian in a true sense of the adjective describing a situation, idea, or societal condition that George Orwell identified as being destructive to the welfare of a free and open society, especially with reference to his dystopian account of a future totalitarian state in Nineteen Eighty-Four a frightening view of an Orwellian future. Fesseha has none. Dr. Molla invented a method for Ethiopians to render their language, which contains more than 564 Unicode glyphs, accurately on a computer, using, at most, two key- strokes per character. Fesseha’s computerized typewriter and those by others were ultimately abandoned by all as they did not type Amharic or Ethiopic then and now. Amharic is the official working language in which all federal laws are published, and it is spoken by millions of Ethiopians as a second language. Especially Ethiopic/Geéz which has been in use for at least 4,000 years. I never gave an interview to this particular magazine. LOL. Fesseha emphasizes that the development of Ethiopic Script incorporated the participation of many individuals over the years in helping to fine-tune the process. Just in case Fesseha thinks he invented something, even his typewriter junk was rejected by the market, Dr. Molla, and subsequently Unicode in 1992. A bilingual dictionary with voice enabled search. Are you now claiming that a congressional speech written and given to an unsuspecting congressman that most Ethiopians are familiar with as establishing a fact? It possesses 33 primary characters, each representing a consonant and each having 7 variations in form to indicate the vowel which follows the consonant. Ethiopia is also a home to more than 200 dialects. Fisseha did not get any patent. When started with ME2, the vowels are mapped under comma, period etc. However, though the fake characters created by ligating character parts located on different keys have spared us from using handwriting, the characters are incomplete and not proportional and the typing method is difficult. French eventually became the medium of instruction until the beginning of the Second Ethio-Italian War in 1935. Although Geez is ceased to be spoken popularly sometime between 900 and 1200 AD, it continues as a language of Ethiopian Church. Ma is typed with a displaced Ma. It is disheartening to come across young intelligent, highly skilled professionals well respected in their own countries of origin, who are unable to communicate with government and public service providers. He knew all along when Dr. Molla started Ethiopian Review with Elias Kifle and he joined its editorial group in 1991 and was aware that Dr. Molla intended to patent his correct Ethiopic typing invention while Fesseha was pushing his fake font and inferior typewriter writing system to be included in Unicode. Mie requires adding a small circle at the right bottom side of the Ma. 1 THE LITURGY OF THE ETHIOPIAN CHURCH Translated by the Rev. Science does not reward such stupidity especially when it undermines scientists like Dr. Aberra Molla. The Ethiopian Science and Technology commission, under the late commissioner Ato Abebe Muluneh, had been tasked with developing an Amharic word processor by the Mengistu government and and they had demonstrated a working model around 1989 shortly after my demonstration at Addis Abeba Hilton. African languages such as Oromo should be written with African writing systems.”, ግዕዝ Ge’ez (a.k.a. With a few exceptions, the relative sizes of the Ethiopian characters are almost the same with those of English. https://archive.is/LWaLI#selection-657.1-884.2. I was NOT surprised. The Ethiopic Unicode assignment is FREE to anyone who wants to develop an app or use Ethiopic in anyway. እስካሁን ቻልንህ አሁን ግን ጥላቻህ ወይም አለማወቅ በዝቶ ይሄን ያህል ኢትዮጵያዊ ምሁራኖችን እየተከታተልክ አርባ ክንድ ምላስህን ማሾል አቁም :: በቃ ሰው በለጠኝ ብለህ አትመቀኝ ከቻልክ ሁላችሁም አብራችሁ በፍቅር ስሩ ካልሆነ ግን ስድብ ምን ይባላል :: ይሄን ግን መታገስ አልቻልኩም :: Actually Fesseha Atlaw is no better than the fake Engineer Dr. Solomon ZeMichael. ethiopia n : ethiopia is a republic in northeastern africa on the red sea; formerly called abyssinia [syn: ethiopia, federal democratic republic of ethiopia , yaltopya, abyssinia] ethiopia country of burnt faces; the greek word by which the hebrew cush is rendered (gen. 2:13; 2 kings 19:9; esther 1:1; job 28:19; ps. Most of the people do not know that Ethiopians had developed beautiful and perfect alphabets and have been using them for thousands of years. Today, I have brought with me an Ethiopian Youngman who recently came to the United States after he became a winner of the lottery for Diversity Visa. ዶክተር አበራ ሞላ ለመጀመሪያ ጊዜ ዩኒኮድ ሲቋቋም ይተሟሉ የኢትዮጵያ ፊደላትን አቅርበው ያስገቡና በዚሁእንደዚህ እያለ እነ ኢንጂነር ፍስሀን የምሳሰስሉ ፊደላችንን ማቅጨጭ ከሚፈልጉ ፈረንጆች ጋር በመሆን ዶክተር አበራ አስቀድመው ያስገቡትን ፊደል በዛ በማለት በመሻረክ ፊደላቱን አስቀንሰው ሳለ እንደገናም ዶክተር አበራ ሞላ በቂ ሳይንሳዊ ማስረጅ በማቅረብ የቀነሱትን ፊደሎች አስመልሰው ሙሉ የኢትዮጵያ ፊደሎች እንዲወከሉ ያስደረጉ ያስቻሉ ጀግና አርበኛ የፊደላችን ዘመናዊነት አባት ናቸው።Dr. This is how the Ethiopic characters of the መ orders computerized by Dr. Molla look like: መ ሙ ሚ ማ ሜ ም ሞ ሟ Do you notice how beautiful these Ethiopic characters are? In writing, none of them is indispensable because the same sounds can always be represented by Typing Ethiopic on computers for the first time in the 1980s was Dr. Aberra Molla’s invention. The two most widely spoken languages in Ethiopia are Oromo and Amharic.. Ethiopia is the worldâs second largest land-locked nation, with a population of over 100 million. As I noted above, your desperation may lead you to say some unworthy balderdash, but not this low as we won’t call you by that name as you claim to have a Masters degree by the time you left Ethiopia! And We NEVEr mentioned about the book in our subsequent encounters. So using the term Ethiopic is correct in that the alphabet belongs to all Ethiopians. It would truly be a liberation of Africa from the colonization of our MINDS by European MARAUDERS. ጉራ ነዉ የምትፈልገው ወይስ ክብር? Unlike the Molla guy Fesseha Atlaw the person who actually pioneered the computerization of Ethiopic script gives credit to other Ethiopians based on the following text that lifted from Tadias. Write or speak Amharic (Ethiopian) online to improve grammar or conversation. Amharic language, also called Amarinya or Kuchumba, Amarinya also spelled Amharinya and Amarigna, one of the two main languages of Ethiopia (along with the Oromo language). https://www.facebook.com/notes/geezedit/advances-made-by-ethiopians-in-the-computer-technology-1991/403555123037729/. The Amharic documents are handled just like the English with routine word processing commands such as cut and paste. Fesseha was one of those who computerized the Amharic typewriter and he was given credit for that along with others who did the same. More than 62 million people can speak Amharic globally. In the first place, had there been something invented before Dr. Molla, the patent office would not have given him patents. Dr. Aberra Molla and Mark Powell ዶ/ር ኣበራ ሞላ እና ማርክ ፓወል. He knew then and now that Dr. Molla’s Ethiopic writing system was and continued to be the most powerful, scientific and user-friendly. Because of the Unicode there are many new software applications are developed in Ethiopic (such as Google Translate; Web Translate; text to speech and speech to text applications, etc). Watch his presentations and be part of the solution as Ethiopic is a home-grown option rather than just stick to colonial alphabets. The task of building an Amharic typewriter out of an English typewriter was not simple. Each character was typed with a maximum of two key strokes and the invention involved about a dozen new things. Hence the technology to allow Amharic speakers to complete forms or effectively communicate with staff members who understands the language, is readily available. combinations of the ordinary characters, but many of them are in common use and, on the whole, they Each order was then mapped under a function key or any other character such that writing each character required no more than two keystrokes. No one will buy your usual fiction as computers and related instruments need installation of fonts and programs. Amharic is written using Fidel, áá°á, which grew out of the Geez. Secondly, the idea of using the “Ethiopic” word was not yours. to know the negative attitude of people against the BLACK RACE. Geez was the official language of Ethiopia before Amharic. I was lucky to have seen the effect of not having a common African language in an African meeting, ECA African Meeting, on African matters, in Addis Ababa, chaired by an Ethiopian, living in England. Without proper and appropriate communication, learning and understanding of these norms becomes very difficult if not impossible. In contrast, Geez is suitable language to analyze its morphology and phonology. Why was it difficult to get one for yourself since 1982, the year you said you began your research? A series of Ethiopian fonts along with English and other language alphabets is also accessible through a few keystrokes. Someone also commented to tell Ethiopians in Amharic what the creators of Ethiopic would say about inventing something that already existed and in use by society (“መጀመሪያ ቀድመው ፊደልን የፃፉት አባቶቻችን ምንይበሉ?”). I give this advice as a technical person and do not get involved in political reasons. Since the typing of Ethiopic in computers was achieved before 1984 by Dr. Molla, Fesseha was not even the first with the typewriter method. The Amharic typewriter is not a machine worth simulating to standardize it for computer keyboards. In a sharp departure from the established view of most Ethiopianists of the old school, Ayele Bekerie contends that the Ethiopic writing system is much older than it has been previously thought, tracing back its origins to as far back as 2,000 B.C.E. Amharic has four dialectical variations spoken little different from the popular Amharic dialect. For instance, it is a scientific fact of life that only statistically significant advantages be utilized. The main subject above (Article ) should be seen as a crucial and essential step towards the restoration of the dignity of the African BLACK RACE and LIBERATE OUR AFRICA from the COLONIZATION of OUR MINDS by European MARAUDERS. There is thus no need to simulate the Ethiopian typewriter which was created to solve an old problem with an old machine when we have numerous simple and efficient alternatives with computers. Dictionary entry overview: What does Ethiopian language mean? Keep Safe All. When one starts ModEth with the ME command the vowels are with F2, F3, etc. And according to Dr. Aberra Molla Ethiopic is It the only African writing system that definitely met all these requirements. The largest ethnic and linguistic groups are the Oromos, Amharas and Tigrayans. Sadly, there wasn’t a single commentary. The majority of the hundreds of the characters one can create through the various combinations of keystrokes require the use of more than two keystrokes per character. Surely? Although Amharic is morphologically complex, it could represent a text in less words than English and other languages. Instead, Ethiopic as well as Ethiopia hereafter can take advantage of the technology to fulfill their needs. (Gojam, Gonder, Wollo, and Menz dialects). ግድም በኢንጅነር ኣያና ብሩ ፊደሉ ለመሣሪያው እንዲመች በኣንድ የእንግሊዝኛ ቋንቋ ገበታ ምትክ የተሠራ ዓይነት በመሆኑ ወደ ኮምፕዩተር እንዳይገባ በማለት ዶክተሩ በጽሑፍ ቢቃወሙም በሌሎች ለዩኒኮድ የተሰጠ ነበር። እንዲህም ሆኖ እነዚህኑ ቁርጥራጮች ዛሬም አማርኛና ግዕዝ ነው እያለ የሚያታልል ኣለ። ለእዚህም እንዲመች የዶክተሩን ሥራዎች የሚሠርዙም ኣሉ።, ቀደም ሲል ዶክተሩ ለዩኒኮድ የኣቀረቡትን 480 ቀለሞች በማስጣል በእነዚህ ከ100 የኣነሱ ነገሮች ለመተካት ቢሆንም ኣልተሳካላቸውም። ዶክተሩ ኮምፕዩተራይ የኣደረጉት የጥንቱና የማተሚያ ቤቶች የግዕዝ ፊደላችን የተበተነው ስምንት የእንግሊዝኛ ቋንቋ ገበታዎች ላይ ሲሆን የግዕዝ የዩኒኮድ ፊደል ሆኗል።, ነፍሱን ይማርና ይህ ደብዳቤ ከፈቃደ ሥላሴ መስፍን የዛሬ ሠላሳ ዓመት (November 2, 1989) የተላከልኝ ነው። ፈቃደ በቅጥልጥል የአማርኛ የጽሕፈት መሣሪያ ዓይነት የፈጠራ ቍርጥራጮች የሚያስከትብ ፊደል በተባለ ፕሮግራሙ የጻፈልኝ ሲሆን ቅጥልጥል መሆናቸውን ማወቅ ኣስቸጋሪ ነው። በእዚህ ሶፍትዌር ከተጻፉ መጽሓፎች ኣንዱ “የኤርትራ ጉዳይ” መጽሓፍ ነው። ፈቃደ በቅጥልጥል ፊደል በአማርኛ እንዲከትብ ከሠሩት ኣንዱ መሆኑን (በ1991 Ethiopian Review) ጽፌኣለሁ። https://www.facebook.com/notes/403555123037729/. He still has the 5 and quarter inch floppy disk. Would you please prove this to us? We have sold the software in countries wherever Ethiopians have settled in large numbers. The city also will name a busy street frequented by Ethiopians in honor their presence and contributions to the development of the city. In the 1970’s the concern of many Oromo intellectuals about the growth and development of Afaan Oromo with computer technology was legitimate. From the beginning it was a community-based effort and the credit goes to lots of people and especially the young engineers who are continuously refining the use of Ethiopic in various technology platforms.”. Concentrating on essential matters, I tried to be useful to my African birthplace. On the other hand, the ancient as well as the modern Ethiopic handwritten and the printing press characters are independent solitary glyphs and thus not ligated. It gives me great pleasure and pride to point out that the Ethiopic, one of the ancient languages, the usage of which dates back to thousands of years, has been computerized. This is because key to key replacement is fixed in a typewriter environment; but not in a computer system. Luckily, I was delighted to see a few commentaries. Fesseha was also not the only one who produced the typewriter version fake Amharic for computers. ETHIOPIAN LANGUAGE English-learning and pronunciation. We can now print each and every one of the hundreds of the Ethiopian characters, numerals and symbols in three typeface and dozens of fonts using a personal computer or a 386 and any laser printer. First of all it is totally ridiculous for someone to talk about Dr. Aberra Molla’s invention by saying that “he can’t invent something that already existed”. English is the most widely spoken foreign language which is also taught in many schools. Amharic is rooted from the Ancient language Geez (Ge'ez). The invention involves numerous new things and the Ethiopic characters were even distributed on up to eight character sets and not on one like the typewriter. He was one of the early engineers working for The Hewlett-Packard Company headquartered in Palo Alto, California, that developed and provided a wide variety of hardware components as well as software and related services to consumers, small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) and large enterprises, including customers in the government, health and education sectors. In fact I have heard stories that new developers were being harassed and attempts were made to discourage them from using Ethiopic in new apps. There are many people who still are working to come up with a new “keyboarding scheme for Amharic and other languages. Secondly, as Engineer Fesseha mentioned in an interview with Tadias Magazine a couple of years go: “The most important development in the history of Ethiopic software came in the late 1980s and early 1990s when Voice of America (VOA) international service gave Xerox a contract to develop multilingual computers and one of the languages they requested was Amharic. However, it has become increasingly clear to those of us who are practitioners in the social sciences that many recent arrivals have been confronted with tremendous difficulties particularly because they are not proficient in English. Thank you Mr.Mark Powell (African American Pan Africanist) For your Outstanding Work.God Bless You. Let’s be real it’s undeniable that Dashen Engineering was up and running by the mid 1980’s. The English document above is a translation of the 1991 Amharic document. Glory to Ethiopia. He gave me back the book politely, with a smile; exchanged awkward good-byes. In 1983, a text editor was released and it allowed font design of the Amharic typewriter as well as the Ethiopic. Amharic is also known to be the second most widely spoken Semitic language in the world. Fesseha tells tall stories about how in the 1970’s the Oromos were concerned about computers, in the 1980’s the English used 8 by 8 grids, the number of Ethiopic alphabets was 270, he made almost the entire alphabet using vowel marks and how he worked with companies like Google and Facebook which did not exist at that time. Ethiopic today is used to write numerous East African languages such as Agew, Amharic, Basketo, Bilen, Dawro, Gamo-Gofa, Ge’ez, Gumuz, Meen, Oromo, Guragie, Tigre, Tigrigna, etc.) Ethiopian Learn English Languages within 30 days. In fact any new scheme of typing/Keyboarding can be submitted for a patent in the US quite easily. Amharic is the second-most spoken Semitic language in the world, after Arabic. You graduated from the University of Nebraska. All in all what they wrote was mostly correct and reflects my views also. ModEth stands for modern Ethiopia since it includes the Ge’ez characters of the Amharic, Tigre, Oromo and Gurage alphabets. Any official documents could be prepared in the language by using the application package. It is possible to replace an English key with an Ethiopian key in a computer environment where different varieties of layouts can be brought onto the screens and printers through the use of internal and soft fonts. Were there others who were working on digitizing Ethiopic at that time? 1. The Amharic typewriter characters Fesseha claimed to have computerized are not Ethiopic characters at all. Copyright © 2020. The United Sates Department of Justice has also issued the Limited English Proficiency (LEP) Guidance to assist recipients of federal funds to fulfill their responsibilities to persons whose primary language is not English. A comment above by someone states that “First of all it’s totally ridiculous for Aberra Molla to claim that he invented anything to do with the Ethiopian language or computers. Look at the state of our politics. Fesseha did not develop any original MLS Ethiopic word processer. If Ethiopia had such a keyboard, it would probably look like a piano keyboard. Case closed. Dr. Aberra Molla who lives in U.S. is a scientist, inventor, and pioneer in the computerization of the Ethiopic alphabet. “For Africans to continue to use non-African imposed writing systems to write their traditionally illiterate African languages is like willingly holding on to European and West Asian colonial indoctrination when we most certainly have the option of choosing a real African writing system that is certainly far more African than Latin and Arabic. He is showing lack of common sense, respect for science and the truth by thinking that his typewriter system was correct and we should have lived with it by building about 500 fake characters ligating parts distributed on about 100 code spots. Why are you guys fighting? The Ethiopic characters are the ones used by the printing presses. I have also come across a number of documents printed using computers which I could not associate with any of the programs I have heard of. Obviously, my fellow human beings couldn’t fathom books written by black coloured skinned people!!!!! I have the honor of representing the largest Ethiopian community living in Colorado in my Congressional District and deeply appreciate the value of Dr. Molla’s invention to them. Anybody who had used the Amharic typewriter very well knows how cumbersome its characters looked and how difficult typing them were as these fragments were superimposed over each other. Amharic (also known as Amarinya, Amarigna) is a Semitic language spoken in Ethiopia. Because of Dr. Molla’s inventions, we were able to type Ethiopic with a maximum of two keystrokes for the first time as opposed to three, or more keystrokes that some in his group later claimed to have developed. ModEth is a very powerful yet user friendly simple WYSIWYG program which can further by enhanced with a number of programs at a small price tag. Just in case you are telling about those fake Amharic typewriter character parts, they were neither Amharic nor Ethiopic. á´, á , á, á§, á, á§, á, á, á, á. Engineer Samuel ZeMichael with questionable degrees. You also claim that one can submit new keyboarding methods to US Patent Office in less than a week. Fesseha falsely claimed that he decided to develop a software using the Ethiopic alphabet. Let me show you the difference between the two and leave the judgement to you. Did you patent the software? It’s a documented and verified fact. As one can clearly understand, these fragmented characters which were distributed on a single English typewriter keyboard require sharing the ugly pieces that don’t properly fit in the specific space assigned for each character. ዶክተር ኣበራ ሞላ ኮምፕዩተራይዝ የኣደረጉትና ለዩኒኮድ ከለገሱት የሞዴት 480 የግዕዝ ቀለሞች በከፊል። An example page of the 480 Ethiopic glyphs in ModEth computerized by Dr. Aberra Molla for the first time that was also presented to Unicode around 1989. The need to concoct the hundreds of Ethiopian characters was brought about with the need to use the English typewriter with less than one hundred keys for the 400 characters and this problem should not be carried over into the computer environment. Is the irony lost on you? The Ethiopian handwriting characters are equivalent to the English cursive styles which are genuine imitations of the corresponding typesetting characters. Your Contact Call us on +91 9811857488 or send us a ⦠They vary from one caught distributing a related product to some taxi drivers in Washington DC around 1988 to those who used Ethiopic glyphs distributed on a single extended ASCII position as a standard set for Ethiopic. Fesseha’s computerized typewriter did not handle even the Amharic Ethiopic characters let alone the about 500 Ethiopic characters. For more information the phone number of the company, Ethiopian Computers & Software, (የኢትዮጵያ ኮምፕዩተሮችና ሶፍትዌር) is (303) 972-2186. Thus, It behooves the government to provide services in these and other services, in the native language of the tax paying resident. The Ethiopian alphabet is as simple as the Greek and its Latin derivatives. Words such as characters and alphabets which were interchangeably used have been replaced and minor mistakes corrected to avoid confusion.] And our dear Africa is the most affected continent on Earth in which we have lost our sense of self-respect and value as well as direction in Life. For the sake of our unity we can all use the same indigenous alphabet preserved for millennia along with their independence by Ethiopians.[1]. Modern Amharic has inherited its system of writing by way of the language of the Unlike the concept of using the computer as a modified Amharic typewriter the way other people used it, I came up with methods of using the computer to fulfill the needs of the Ethiopian characters and beyond. The novel method is fast and simple and each glyph is typed with no more than two keystrokes. Selecting the use of an already existing Latin alphabet was an advantage. In short, the greatest CRIME has been — and still practiced — upon the AFRICA PEOPLE by virtue of the COLOUR of their SKIN. It’s absolutely possible that two people on different part of the U.S. were developing the same thing at the same time. I like to focus on the many positive achievements of Ethiopians and some non-Ethiopian that are working hard developing applications for our script. The individuals he mentioned in the Tadias interview were well aware of Dr. Molla’s Ethiopic invention over the years as Dr. Molla listed some of them as plagiarists of Ethiopic. After all it is Dr. Molla’s Ethiopic that became the Ethiopic Unicode; not Fisseha’s incomplete fake parts for computerized typewriter. Both the English typewriter and the Amharic typewriter ultimately became obsolete while a typewriter that typed Amharic or Ethiopic never existed. Some ask “Do you have patent or copyright protection for your early work? Unfortunately the ever growing Ethiopia media grab such claimants and mislead the general public (much the same way as they have done with rampant stories and interviews of the Dr. While these are legitimate patents they are easily misunderstood on what they mean. Recently, you were quoted, in one Ethiopian magazine, as making a call to the Oromo Intellectuals to use Ethiopic/Geez . Ethiopian Learn Speak English within 30 days. He invented a method for Ethiopic users to render their languages, which contains more than 564 Unicode glyphs, accurately on a computer, using at most two keystrokes per character that were in excess of the default. ለነገሩ የእነ ጀዋር እና ፕሮፌሰር ሜንጫወችን እንደሚደግፍ ርእዮት ሚዪያ ያደረገውን Interview በመስመት ማንነቱን ለመረዳት ቀላል ነው :: እማርኛ እንዲያድግ ሳይሆን ለመቅበር የምትታገል ነው የምትመስለው :: እንደሚመስለኝ የዶክተር አበራን በማንጓጠጥ እሱ ልቆ የሚታይ መስሎታል :: እባክህ ልክህን እወቅ :: አማርኛችንን /ግእዝን አትንካ አማርኛ ለምን የአፍሪካ መፃፊያ ይሆናል ብሎ ብቅናት መንጫረር ምን ይባላል ??? Copyright 2003-2005. Many wouldn’t know that Ethiopians have their own printing presses and books such as the Amharic,Tigre and Oromo Bibles had been in print using these Ethiopian alphabets for over a century.
F1 Procharger For Sale, Dark Souls 2 Dragon Scale Farming Offline, 20 Mil Commercial Vinyl Plank, Coneflower Stems Drooping, Australian Mines Website, What Is Quality Assurance, The Healer Stick Posh Reviews,