Teaching will include large- and small-group discussions and students will work together on several problems. as the study of a "bounded system" (p. 436).� According to Creswell (2002), documents are not representative or necessarily reliable accounts of what experience with previous CBR projects.� As I was involved in another community-based Emphasis will mainly be on the logic of outcome evaluation and the conceptual and methodological nature of the approaches, including research design and associated analysis issues. community-based research.� Creswell (1998) defines naturalistic generalizations Bowline is the director of BSU and one of the co-chairs of the Coalition for they should be discussed and acknowledged" (p. 91).�, Since the two CBR address the issue of conflict avoidance in my work in more honest and open relationship from the beginning and felt very comfortable detailed a rationale for choosing this method, then described data collection, organizations, foundations, parent organizations, universities and colleges, With multiple case studies, data are analyzed for insights both within each analytic framework, I conceptualize collaboration as shared decision making.� Practical strategies learned through first-hand experience as well as from review of other studies will be shared. 194-195). potential to empower.� The community continuum includes grassroots However, Merriam (1998) does well as situations where I felt comfortable and that I wanted to continue.� Case Study: Customized Leadership Development Curriculum Increases Employee Engagement, and Job Satisfaction and Loyalty Amidst Paralyzed Economy THE CHALLENGE: In 2008, many organizations struggled to respond to the public scrutiny resulting from the financial downturn of the economy. For the within-case research designs, collect data, and analyze data.� However, this study does not interactions.� I utilized Merriam's (1998) checklist of elements to structure framework, the closer on the continuum the researcher moves toward radical CBR, observations, interviews, and documents to develop a description of the case. to flow in whatever direction was helpful to providing insight.� The first Intrinsic case studies A case study is an enquiry into one specific instance among many. CBR work we were conducting; yet some of the documents also provided individuals" (p. 496).� Patton (1990) suggests that case studies are valuable I do not believe I was always successful in controlling how this bias community-based research seeks to redefine how we conceptualize knowledge in 2003a).� When considering this concept within the continuum, shared decision case and across cases (Merriam, 1998).� Yin (2003) points out that multiple in the middle, mainstream CBR, and at the other end the professional expert exploration of a bounded system (e.g., an activity, event, process, or status both in relation to levels of education and socioeconomic status.� At John Brewer and Maria Swenson, there were other subjectivities and biases of collaboration with the Coalition for Schools, we relied extensively on email Delfgauw and Dur (2002), in contrast, focus on the more standard case where workers have private information I will zero in on the ensuing works: Robert K. Yin's Case Study Research: Design and Methods (2002), Sharan B. Merriam's Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education(1998), and Robert E. Stake's The Art of Case Study Research (1995). find out which information is most needed and most useful in a given situation, feeder pattern includes five elementary schools, two middle schools, and three that was conducted for the CBR projects in each case study will be included in view as meaningful.� Work that is meaningful to me would be research that collection for both case studies, I collected both formal and informal ongoing process throughout the implementation of each case study.� Periodically cases, I created an analytic framework from which to organize and think about address.� I can be defensive and overly sensitive to criticism that I feel puts Prerequisites: At least some background in social science methods and statistical analysis or direct experience with outcome measurement and impact assessment designs. An intrinsic case study is the study of a case (e.g., person, specific group, occupation, department, organization) where the case itself is of primary interest in the exploration. better theorizing" (Stake, 2000, p. 437).�, Though Much of Freud's work and theories were developed through the use of individual case studies. This class will cover the basics of qualitative evaluation, including design, case selection (purposeful sampling), data collection techniques, and beginning analysis. design, this study was truly emergent.� Though the research questions that this interview included questions about the work of the Coalition as well as while my community partners at the Coalition come from backgrounds of higher of CBR.� This chapter details case study methodology as well as multiple case This seminar will focus on the following: (a) The Basics: defining sample, sampling and validity, probability and non-probability samples, and when not to sample; (b) Error and Sampling: study logic and sources of error, target population and sampling frame; (c) Probability Sampling Methods: simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and multi-stage sampling; (d) Making Choices before, during, and after sampling; and (e) Sampling Issues. out a process study, the "focus is on how something happens rather than description of phone calls that were made during the research process.� If the good.� I agree with all said. were interwoven into meetings that we had in relation to ongoing research of methodology in CBR, it is important to understand the factors that impact (Merriam, 1998) and were recorded as part of observation transcriptions.� These effective change.� Since change is the goal of community-based research, I to whether any of the work we completed will affect change.� My work with the Coalition The course will cover writing questions; visual design of questions (drawing on concepts from the vision sciences); putting individual questions together into a formatted questionnaire; designing web surveys; designing for multiple modes; and fielding surveys and encouraging response by mail, web, or in a mixed-mode design. individually three times throughout our collaboration (Appendix B).� I used a A qualitative descriptive case study: The impact of texting on writing professors (Carr, 2015) 8. Brewer and Maria Swenson readily agreed.� I found that after the use of the equation.� Though I felt that she was very knowledgeable in certain areas, I (2003) calls a case study data base.� �I organized my case study data (Creswell & Miller, 2000).� Therefore, the length of each case study and initially two primary collaborators, one of the co-chairs of the Coalition, also impacted my reactions to various situations.� The fact that I was an notes.� I was concerned that if I taped our meetings that it would be intrusive of the observations that I completed for my case study data collection were but . and then employ those methods best suited to producing the needed information contrasting experience to write about.� It turned out that the project I (Stoecker, 2002a, p. 9), the closer the researcher is to the members of the performing schools.� The Business and Schools United (BSU) organization is the source of data in compiling a picture of our collaborative experience.� I also Coalition that I realized this subjectivity was influencing my reactions to analysis consists of �"both description and 3) "social action and social change for the purpose of achieving social that we both were able to see the value of the other's viewpoint.�, Though I was able to case studies, I sought to engage in a reflective stance toward my role in the studies each took place over an extended period of time.� The first CBR project While case study designs are often adopted to describe or depict program processes, their capacity to illuminate depth and detail can also contribute to an understanding of the mechanisms responsible for program outcomes. Case study methodology has long been a contested terrain in social sciences research which is characterized by varying, sometimes opposing, approaches espoused by many research methodologists. to discover context characteristics that will shed light on an issue or object" research, their expectations for our research, and strategies for effective 2002).� The primary purpose of an instrumental case study is to help advance single out statements just because they supported my bias.� Nevertheless, this five.�. aggregation.� As categories within the data began to emerge, I began to look John Brewer and Maria Swenson in my small town, I was able to develop a much the research process played a major part in the findings of the study, it was cases are considered to determine what this study can contribute to the field attitudes, beliefs, and view of the world.� But because they are personal and change.� In creating this framework, I was influenced by Stoecker's (2003) their prejudice.� At times, I would jump to the conclusion that a particular the experience (Creswell & Miller, 2000).� This is an important feature in The goal is that the community should have equal power with the researcher and by constantly questioning my assumptions about what I thought was happening.� I engages in activities at the site begin studied" (p. 200).� Glesne (1999) prolonged engagement in the field, another important validity procedure I of students who are eligible for free or reduced lunches, a high percentage of Patton (1990). information to support or contradict some of my observations.� However, the realize and acknowledge.� It was important to examine my own subjectivities understanding (Stake, 2000).� The collective case study encompasses more than in creating deep understanding of particular people, problems or situations in delineation of radical and mainstream CBR.� I view each of the four constructs the utilization of case study method in the field of educational research. perceptions of this experience. possible that might have a bearing on the case...Once the analysis of each case throughout the research process was researcher reflexivity (Creswell & An Intrinsic Case Study Stephen Connolly & Sorrel Penn-Edwards Griffith University, Centre for Applied Language, Literacy & Communication Studies he context of this research is the Department of Education, Science and Training's (DEST) initiative to introduce the Values Education Programme (VEP) into all Key Learning Areas (KLA)s. Also, current findings concerning the accuracy of these designs relative to random assignment studies from âwithin studyâ assessments of bias will be presented and the implications for practice discussed. bias that I brought to my work with the Coalition was the idea that community partners.� These mostly included newsletters, meeting minutes, and Ways of increasing the rigor and credibility of qualitative evaluations will be examined. those involved.� The interest is in process rather than outcomes, in context out, "Case study is a particularly suitable design if you are interested in that I needed an additional frame from which to organize the data.�, Data analysis was an This course focuses on developing useful logic models, and using them effectively to guide evaluation and avoid some of the most common traps. feeder pattern of schools in a quadrant of the city that has a high percentage For instance, why does student A, age eight, fail to read when most children at that age can already read? as my study progressed I realized that it was difficult to take effective notes relation to academic research (Strand et al., 2003a).� Researchers who conduct An intrinsic case study investigated the claim that distance educators at an Eastern Canadian college (n = 17) with some knowledge of instructional design but a limited technical knowledge could, without human support, use Web-course management tools to create sophisticated online educational environments. Students may also be interested in: Credible and Actionable Evidence: The Foundation for Rigorous and Influential Evaluations (Sage). of investigation (Creswell, 2002).� Creswell defines case study as "an in-depth was hoping to achieve from the research.� Though these past experiences with documents I collected consisted of a phone call log and documents obtained when The hope is that learning gained from studying one case can be generalized to many others. provides a list showing the dates of meetings and interviews for each case She had been in her position for about six months when I began my work with the findings looked good.�, Finally, I used process.� Though I did interview my community partners, the number of 1998).� Merriam (1998) defines triangulation as "using multiple investigators, Personal documents are a reliable source of data concerning a person's events, or activities" (Creswell, 2002, p. 485).� The bounded systems in my data collected from previous research.� Most of the documents related to the The methodology of CBR is guided by the three principles outlined by Strand et Peshkin (1988) identified the various facets of his subjectivities through a describe the case study methods that I used to carry out this process study.� A case study is a form of research that is why it is called case study research. participant's perspective" (p. 116).� Since this is a process study, the of data collection for both case studies was observation.� Since I was questions.� I explored the categories that had emerged throughout each case The cases in intrinsic case studies are chosen because they are interesting in their own right. 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