Contributed by Prof. Dr. Nazeer Ahmed, PhD. The cultural influence of the Mesopotamians radiated across the younger powers of Southwest Asia, including the Persians. Zoroastrianism, ancient pre-Islamic religion of Iran with both monotheistic and dualistic elements that likely influenced the other major religions, including in angelology and eschatology. It was a long process by which Islam, though long rejected, was gradually accepted by the majority of the population. 5 Answers. Specifically, the application of supernal geometry with its emphasis on symbols and meaning to the construction of tombs and cenotaphs resulted in the erection of monuments of unparalleled beauty. News of the arrival of Shaykh Bahauddin reached Kaikubad, the Seljuk ruler of Konya. Sort by: Top Voted. It has had a profound impact on Islamic culture and poetry, especially in the arc extending from Europe through Turkey, Persia, Central Asia and the Subcontinent. According to Bernard Lewis: "Iran was indeed Islamized, but it was not Arabized. Exhibitions and events How did the Islamic world influence Western art? Conversely, such a structure would not have been possible in the classical age of Islam with its heavy emphasis on doctrine, the rational and the ritual. It was the renowned Sufi masters, men like Shaykh Abdul Qader Jeelani, Khwaja Moeenuddin Chishti, Maulana Rumi, Shaykh Bahauddin Naqshband and Shaykh Shihabuddin Suhrawardi who served as role models for Muslims. He was strict in his observance of the Shariah and chided those who were remiss in their observance of its injunctions. Pivotal as Persia was in the political developments of Muslim Asia, its primary contribution was to preserve, reinvigorate and transmit the spiritual legacy of Islam through its language, art and architecture. Islam emerged in the 7th century C.E. Islam was first brought to these realms by invasion of Persianate Ghaznavid rulers and as such, Islam is blended with Persian culture in these places. Firdowsi, one of the most celebrated Farsi poets and author of the Shah Nama, lived in Ghazna. He is called Rumi due to his residence in Konya which was located in a province referred to at the time as “Rum”, meaning an old province of the Roman Empire. First taught among nomads on the Asian steppes, Zarathushtrianism was the state religion of the three great Persian empires, Achaemenian, Arsacid and Sassanian. And fifth, it was a place of rest for the weary traveler, or a refuge for the family fleeing from the persecutions of the times. The disappearance of a city culture that had supported the Islamic edifice of Fiqh and fatwa had thrown the mantle of leadership to the countryside where Islam was based on emotion and devotion. Established by the prophet Muhammad, the religion of Islam unified a diverse cultural region that spans several countries. In return, Ahmed received the title of Mu’iz ad Dawla and was given the reigns of the empire. The New Persian language written in the Arabic alphabet with a some modifications was formed in the ninth century in eastern Iran and came to flourish in Bukhara, the capital of the Persian Samanid dynasty. The southern trade routes ran through Isfahan to Kabul in Afghanistan and from there through the passes of the Hindu Kush to the vast Indo-Gangetic plains. Ancient Persian religion was a polytheistic faith which corresponds roughly to what is known today as ancient Persian mythology.It first developed in the region known as Greater Iran (the Caucasus, Central Asia, South Asia, and West Asia) but became focused in the area now known as Iran at some point around the 3rd millennium BCE. It was this immediacy of Divine Presence that molded the character of Muslims for five hundred years after Genghiz Khan. Under Shaykh Burhanuddin’s direction, Rumi mastered the sciences of kalam, hadith, Fiqh, tafheem e Qur’an, Arabic and Farsi grammar and tasawwuf. Practice: Focus on continuity and change: the spread of Islam. The courtyard of the madrasah was too small to hold the crowds, so the lectures were moved to the Jami Masjid. Ahura Mazda created the world in seven steps beginning with sky (though in some versions it was water). The cities of Samarqand, Bukhara, Neshapur, Mashad and Herat grew into world-class centers of learning. Another influence of the Iranian culture in Islam is evident in India and Northern China. History records the Arab Muslims took over the whole Persian Empire in the 7th century. Mogul Emperors Akbar and Jehangir were so devoted to Shaykh Salim Chishti that they performed pilgrimages to his qanqah on foot. Firdowsi composed the Shah Nama, a classic poem that extols the achievements of pre-Islamic heroes of Persia, as a tribute to Mahmud. After the battle of Madayen, an exquisite carpet called farsh e bahaar was brought to Madina from the Persian capital. When the Seljuk Turks moved in, they brought the Islamic religion, as well as Persian culture, which the Turks had largely adopted after becoming part of the Muslim Empire. Culturally, politically, and most remarkable of all even religiously, the Iranian contribution to this new Islamic civilization is of immense importance. Sultans and emperors alike waited to see him and partake of his wisdom. The school of Fiqh evolved by him and his disciples reflected these concerns. The few Persians who accepted Islam were treated as mawalis (protected people), a term that accorded the newcomers less than full social status in the community. 7) Persia, India, and Greece's influence on Islam - Islam. Ahura Mazda, source of al… Indeed, Persia was the land where the soul of Islam was rediscovered. The Arabs had established themselves in military cantonments which in time grew to be centers of intellectual activity. And after an interval of silence, Iran reemerged as a separate, different and distinctive element within Islam, eventually adding a new element even to Islam itself. For several years thereafter, the Persian Buyids were effective rulers of Baghdad until the Seljuks rescued the Abbasids. "The Islamic light, after passing through the Persian cultural prism showed a spectrum of elegance, grace and toleration not evidenced else-where." Some, like Shamsuddin Muhammed Hafiz (d. 1391), approached the spiritual heights of the Maulana. He gave a cultural and spiritual unity to the people of Arab who accepted this new religion. Persian culture was further enriched by two additional major influences: Egypt and the classical West (Greece and Rome). It was for the sake of the Qur'an and Islam that books of philosophy, mysticism, history, medicine, mathematics and law had been written or translated into this language. It is said that as many as 70,000 people listened to the Shaykh at one time. As the camels laden with the gifts entered through one gate of the city of Ghazna, the body of Firdowsi was being carried out for burial through another gate. However, it was the Mongol deluge that transformed the landscape of Islamic history and brought the Persian element into the forefront of Islamic intellectual activity. The development and spread of Islamic cultures. In the post-Mongol period, the edifice of law was used by the Persian-speaking people as a platform on which they erected monuments of love. Given most families and most marriages, the belief seems admirable but foolhardy.”—Jonathan Raban (b. This art form reached its pinnacle in the Mogul court of Shah Jehan who built the Taj Mahal in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal. Firdowsi did not live to receive the gifts. Only the Persians engaged in the task of preserving knowledge and writing systematic scholarly works. It was in the reign of the Abbasid Caliph Mamun (d. 833) that the Persians became a decisive political force in the Abbasid Empire. Scribes recorded his sermons and passed them on for posterity. Islam had a very permanent influence on Persia; it made that land Islamic. By the beginning of the 10th century, Persians outnumbered Arabs in the lands east of the Tigris River. The inherent focus on transcendence enabled Muslim architects to realize in the construction of mosques and minarets alike something of the transcendence that lies hidden in geometrical forms. While the Arabs provided the ideational foundation of the edifice of Islam, it was the Persians who adorned it with beauty and embellished it with spirituality. While Arabic served as the language of religion, theology, philosophy, and law, Persian was the principal language of literature, poetry, history, and political … Most decorations on Islamic art consisted of Arabic letters, natural plants, and abstract figures. But how did the encounter with ancient Persian culture shape Islamic practices? While the Arabs provided the ideational foundation of the edifice of Islam, it was the Persians who adorned it with beauty and embellished it with spirituality. Paupers and emperors alike sought to emulate their example. The preponderance of Persians had a profound impact on the political, linguistic and intellectual landscape of the Islamic community. Islam emerged in the 7th century C.E. Established by the prophet Muhammad, the religion of Islam unified a diverse cultural region that spans several countries. The Qadariya Sufi tareeqa was established to give concrete expression to his spiritual and social ideals. Among these, the most popular were Mithra (god of covenants and the rising sun), Anahita (goddess of fertility, health, water, and wisdom, Atar, (god of fire), and Hvar Khsata (sun god/god of the full sun). In 1232, Rumi met Shaykh Burhanuddin Muhaqqiq Tirmidhi, himself a student of Shaykh Bahauddin and became his murid. Alone among the Omayyads, he made an attempt to reach out to the conquered people. Following the Battle of Ayn Jalut (1261) the military threat subsided but the threat of losing Asia to non-Islamic ideologies remained. It was the Islam of the heart, not of the mind. With its Arabic-centered urban civilization in ruins, the leadership of the remnants of the community fell to the rural areas where Farsi was the spoken language. Hence geometry is divided into two parts: functional geometry and supernal geometry. Islamic architecture is a projection of the heavens on earth and seeks to realize in the matrix of material form a hint of the transcendence of heaven. But it was in Persia and in the contiguous regions of Anatolia and the subcontinent that it emerged as the central institution of community life. The city of Kufa, a border town between the Arabic-speaking and Persian-speaking worlds became a center of learning and a place of congregation for scholars. The erection of this monument with its unsurpassed beauty and harmony could have been possible only in the framework of an ecstatic Islam in which love, not ritual, was the first step in the ascent of man to heaven. yauna-, Mid. Spread of Islamic Culture. Mamun’s armies had a large number of Persian soldiers led by Tahir, a dynamic Persian officer. Victory at the battle of Nahawand (642) cemented the conquest. The genius of tasawwuf lay in its ecstatic and inclusive character. Mamun’s victory over his brother Amin (810-813) for succession to the Caliphate was in no small measure due to the intervention of the Persians. In some cities, more than 90% of the population was slaughtered. Each Sufi order had its own zawiyas in which young men-and women-gathered to pray, to learn the Qur’an and Fiqh, to perform dhikr and to cultivate a comradeship based on faith. Thus did Mesopotamian culture become the foundation of Persian culture. In the intense spiritual atmosphere of the age, many self-proclaimed ulema claimed that their special insights into religion gave them an excuse not to observe the obligatory prayers, fasting and zakat. At the age of fifty, he received his ijaza (diploma) from Shaykh Kazi Abi Saeed Al Muqrami and was commissioned to head the madrasah of Shaykh Kazi Abi Saeed in Baghdad. Contributed by Prof. Dr. Nazeer Ahmed, PhD. Persians remained Persians. The Shaykh’s humble disposition endeared him to the poor and his forthrightness and rectitude brought him the respect of the high and mighty. Court intrigues had sapped the strength of the Caliphate. The work of Iranians can be seen in every field of cultural endeavor, including Arabic poetry, to which poets of Iranian origin composing their poems in Arabic made a very significant contribution. Tipu Sultan – His connection to the American National Anthem, Tipu Sultan, Development of Army Logistics, Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Two kings from South Asia who inspired America’s founding fathers, revolutionaries and early US Congress, Tipu Sultan’s foreign diplomacy through the letters of Thomas Jefferson, Maratha raids on Hindu temples and shrines in South India and Tipu Sultan’s defense of the temples, Tipu Sultan’s punishment for sedition misconstrued as religious intolerance, How Tipu Sultan defeated the British at the Battle of Pollilur in 1780, Sringeri temple attack and the genocide of Karnataka’s Hindus by the Maratha Empire (1791). The Perso-Islamic tradition was a tradition where the Turkic groups played an important role in its military and political success while the culture raised both by and under the influence of Muslims used Persian as its cultural vehicle. Of special interest is a final chapter, by Gerhard Doerfer, on the vast Persian linguistic and literary influence among the Turks. Persian Influence On Islamic Culture and Civilization, "Iran was indeed Islamized, but it was not Arabized. Anonymous. They influenced Islam in a big way. The influence of Islam impacted the territory very strongly, making Persians embrace new values and traditions as well as educating new generations based on Islamic principles. Persian and Byzantine techniques of construction were used in the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem as well as in the extensive system of aqueducts built by the Omayyads. Iranian culture after Islam Persian policies after the Islamic conquest. The Arabic-speaking learned elite perished or fled, some towards India, others towards Egypt and Anatolia. His work continued to inspire Muslim writers and poets through the centuries. The most important scholars of almost all of the Islamic sects and schools of thought were Persian or live in Iran including most notable and reliable Hadith collectors of Shia and Sunni like Shaikh Saduq, Shaikh Kulainy, Imam Bukhari, Imam Muslim and Hakim al-Nishaburi, the greatest theologians of Shia and Sunni like Shaykh Tusi, Imam Ghazali, Imam Fakhr al-Razi and Al-Zamakhshari, the greatest physicians, astronomers, logicians, mathematicians, metaphysicians, philosophers and scientists like Al-Farabi, Avicenna, and Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī, the greatest Shaykh of Sufism like Rumi, and Abdul-Qadir Gilani. Sunni and Shia Islam. The genius of Persian architecture was that it applied that transcendence to the non-religious domain as well. Following his work, intellectual activity in the spiritual dimension of Islam accelerated. Ibn Batuta, in his Rehla, describes in detail the zawiyas he visited in Anatolia, Persia and India. The Persian spiritual influence extended to the architecture of post-Mongol Islam. Thus the truth of the statement of the prophet (Muhammad) becomes apparent, 'If learning were suspended in the highest parts of heaven the Persians would attain it"…The intellectual sciences were also the preserve of the Persians, left alone by the Arabs, who did not cultivate them…as was the case with all crafts…This situation continued in the cities as long as the Persians and Persian countries, Iraq, Khorasan and Transoxiana (modern Central Asia), retained their sedentary culture.". The zawiya was based on the mosque-madrasah paradigm that had existed from the earliest days of Islam. However, it is the culture of Islam which benefited greatly as a result. In the following centuries, the caliphs of Baghdad, as well as the Persian dynasties in the outlying provinces, encouraged the art of carpet weaving. The conquering Arabs zealously guarded their tribal social boundaries. As conversion had proceeded in Persia and Central Asia, so had the migration of people to the cities. Iranians, since the beginning had interest and sincere efforts in compiling the study of Arabic etymology, grammar, syntax, morphology, figures of speech, rules of eloquence, rhetoric. 1 decade ago. Practice: Key concepts: the spread of Islam. 1 decade ago. Practice: Focus on continuity and change: the spread of Islam. In all, this volume establishes, Iran and its culture have had a deep, pervasive, and abiding influence on Islam, and through it reached such disparate regions as eastern Europe and India. Kaikubad was a patron of scholars. Control of the Persian highlands gave a potential conqueror the ability to strike east or west, as was so decisively demonstrated by Hulagu Khan of the Mongols and Timurlane of the Tatars. The work that bestowed a universal stature on Maulana Rumi was the Mathnawi. in the city of Mecca, a flourishing and cosmopolitan commercial center on the coastal plane of Arabia. This is the currently selected item. Indeed, Persians themselves largely became the administrators. The victorious Caliph rewarded Tahir for his fidelity by appointing him the governor of southern Iraq. Tehzeeb Ajam, Persian culture, bought Islam to Central Asia, India, and Azerbaijan. Sitting astride the Persian plateau south of the Caspian Sea, it dominates and controls overland access from the Mediterranean to India and China. He would also be a member of one tareeqa or the other from which he would learn the discipline of the heart, which alone is the springhead of creative work. The Ottoman Turks brought a form of Iranian civilization to the walls of Vienna...". Answer Save. Five hundred years of association with Islam had transformed Farsi and had exposed it to the rich lexicon of Arabic. The search proved futile, but the Shaykh had impelled the spiritual ocean of the Maulana just as the setting moon impels the waves of the ocean. This religion played a key role in the development of today's major world religions, interacting with Judaism and later Islam, and through Judaism coming to influence Christianity as well. Salman Farsi was one such distinguished Companion. Foremost among the leaders of the revolution was Abu Muslim, a Persian general of singular capability and determination. Thus Indian Islam Though at various stages it has been affected by Chinese and Eastern influences, Persian miniature art has developed its own distinctive features. The caliphs adopted Persian methods of administration. One such scholar was Imam Abu Haneefa, after whom the Hanafi School of Fiqh is named. If one were to claim that the Maulana captured the very essence of that drop of Divine Love that has sustained humankind, it would not be an exaggeration. Relevance. It was Salman Farsi who suggested to the Prophet that a defensive trench be constructed around Madina to thwart the invading Meccan armies.
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